Plants having increased tolerance to herbicides

ABSTRACT

Provided is a plant or plant part comprising a polynucleotide encoding a mutant TriA polypeptide, the expression of the polynucleotide confers to the plant or plant part tolerance to herbicides

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to methods for conferring on plants agricultural level tolerance to herbicides. Particularly, the invention refers to plants having an increased tolerance to herbicides, more specifically to herbicides which inhibit cellulose biosynthesis, thus, interfere with cell wall biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Microorganisms often respond to the input of xenobiotics into the environment by evolving mechanisms to use them as sources of nutrients and energy for their growth. As the structure of the herbicides based on a s-triazine ring differ from naturally occurring compounds (Esser et al. 1975), microorganisms slowly evolved enzymes and pathways capable of degrading them. The amidohydrolase superfamily comprises a remarkable set of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide range of substrates bearing amide or ester functional groups at carbon and phosphorus centers. In all cases, the nucleophilic water molecule is activated through complexation with a mononuclear or binuclear metal center. In the mononuclear metal centers, the substrate is activated by a proton transfer from the active site, and the water is activated by metal ligation and general base catalysis. The metal centers are perched at the C-terminal end of the beta-barrel core within a (beta alpha) 8 structural domain. One prominent example is the Atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA) an Fe(II)-dependent homohexamer (Seffernick et al. 2002; Wackett et al. 2002a) catalyzing the hydrolytic dechlorination of atrazine, a herbicide, yielding the nonherbicidal product 2-hydroxyatrazine (de Souza et al. 1996; Seffernick et al. 2002; Sadowsky and Wackett 2000). The closest known relative of AtzA is melamine deaminase (TriA from Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRL B-12227; 98% sequence identity). Despite their high sequence similarity, AtzA and TriA are catalytically distinct; TriA is a deaminase with a dechlorinase activity several orders below its physiological deaminase activity, while AtzA a dechlorinase with no detectable deaminase activity. Previous work has shown that three of the nine amino acids that differ between the two proteins (S331C; N328D; and F841 AtzA) are largely responsible for the differences in catalytic specificity.

The present invention provides new methods to increase herbicide tolerance in plants by the introduction of bacterial genes encoding target proteins that biodegrade the herbicide, in particular cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors named azines. The bacterial enzyme TriA was engineered in a form to remain or increase the amidohydrolase activity and to expand the enzyme pocket towards a more bulky substrate acceptance. The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that over-expression of wildtype or mutant melamine deaminase TriA forms confers in plants tolerance/resistance to particular classes of herbicides as compared to the non-transformed and/or non-mutagenized plants or plant cells, respectively. More specifically, the inventors of the present invention have found that TriA expression confers tolerance/resistance to azines.

The problem of the present invention can be seen as to the provision of novel traits by identifying target polypeptides, the manipulation of which makes plants tolerant to herbicides.

Three main strategies are available for making plants tolerant to herbicides, i.e. (1) detoxifying the herbicide with an enzyme which transforms the herbicide, or its active metabolite, into non-toxic products, such as, for example, the enzymes for tolerance to bromoxynil or to basta (EP242236, EP337899); (2) mutating the target enzyme into a functional enzyme which is less sensitive to the herbicide, or to its active metabolite, such as, for example, the enzymes for tolerance to glyphosate (EP293356, Padgette S. R. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266, 33, 1991); or (3) overexpressing the sensitive enzyme so as to produce quantities of the target enzyme in the plant which are sufficient in relation to the herbicide, in view of the kinetic constants of this enzyme, so as to have enough of the functional enzyme available despite the presence of its inhibitor.

The problem is solved by the subject-matter of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a plant or plant part comprising a polynucleotide encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide, the expression of said polynucleotide confers to the plant or plant part tolerance to herbicides.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a seed capable of germination into a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a plant cell capable of regenerating a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides, wherein the plant cell comprises the polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in a cell, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In other aspects, the present invention provides a plant product prepared from a plant or plant part comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a progeny or descendant plant derived from a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, wherein the progeny or descendant plant comprises in at least some of its cells the recombinant polynucleotide operably linked to the promoter, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the progeny or descendant plant tolerance to the herbicides.

In other aspects, the present invention provides a method for controlling weeds at a locus for growth of a plant, the method comprising: (a) applying an herbicide composition comprising herbicides to the locus; and (b) planting a seed at the locus, wherein the seed is capable of producing a plant that comprises in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method for controlling weeds at a locus for growth of a plant, the method comprising: applying an herbicidal composition comprising herbicides to the locus; wherein said locus is: (a) a locus that contains: a plant or a seed capable of producing said plant; or (b) a locus that is to be after said applying is made to contain the plant or the seed; wherein the plant or the seed comprises in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In one aspect, step (a) occurs before, after, or concurrently with step (b).

In other aspects, the present invention provides a method of producing a plant having tolerance to herbicides, the method comprising regenerating a plant from a plant cell transformed with a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing a progeny plant having tolerance to herbicides, the method comprising: crossing a first herbicide-tolerant plant with a second plant to produce a herbicide-tolerant progeny plant, wherein the first plant and the progeny plant comprise in at least some of their cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

In addition, the present invention refers to a method for identifying a herbicide by using a wild-type or mutated TriA of the present invention encoded by a nucleic acid which comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant, homologue, paralogue or orthologue thereof.

Said method comprises the steps of:

-   a) generating a transgenic cell or plant comprising a nucleic acid     encoding a mutated TriA of the present invention, wherein the     mutated TriA of the present invention is expressed; -   b) applying a herbicide to the transgenic cell or plant of a) and to     a control cell or plant of the same variety; -   c) determining the growth or the viability of the transgenic cell or     plant and the control cell or plant after application of said test     compound, and -   d) selecting test compounds which confer reduced growth to the     control cell or plant as compared to the growth of the transgenic     cell or plant.

Another object refers to a method of identifying a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutated TriA which is resistant or tolerant to a herbicide, the method comprising:

-   a) generating a library of mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acids, -   b) screening a population of the resulting mutated TriA-encoding     nucleic acids by expressing each of said nucleic acids in a cell or     plant and treating said cell or plant with a herbicide, -   c) comparing the herbicide-tolerance levels provided by said     population of mutated TriA encoding nucleic acids with the     herbicide-tolerance level provided by a control TriA-encoding     nucleic acid, -   d) selecting at least one mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acid that     provides a significantly increased level of tolerance to a herbicide     as compared to that provided by the control TriA-encoding nucleic     acid.

In a preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acid selected in step d) provides at least 2-fold as much tolerance to a herbicide as compared to that provided by the control TriA-encoding nucleic acid.

The resistance or tolerance can be determined by generating a transgenic plant comprising a nucleic acid sequence of the library of step a) and comparing said transgenic plant with a control plant.

Another object refers to an isolated, recombinant and/or chemically synthesized nucleic acid encoding a mutated TriA, the nucleic acid comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant thereof, as defined hereinafter.

A preferred embodiment refers to an isolated and/or recombinantly produced and/or synthetic nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide         comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant,         paralogue, orthologue or homolog thereof;     -   (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 1, or a variant, paralogue, orthologue or homolog thereof;     -   (c) a nucleic acid molecule, which, as a result of the         degeneracy of the genetic code, can be derived from a TriA         polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant, paralogue,         orthologue or homolog thereof, and confers increased herbicide         tolerance or resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g.         non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part         thereof;     -   (d) a nucleic acid molecule having 30% or more identity,         preferably 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,         97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or more with the nucleic acid molecule         sequence of a polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid         molecule of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant, paralogue, orthologue or         homolog thereof, and confers increased herbicide tolerance or         resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g.         non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part         thereof;     -   (e) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide         having 30% or more identity, preferably at least 40%, 50%, 60%,         70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or more,         with the amino acid sequence of the TriA polypeptide sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 2, and confers increased herbicide tolerance or         resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g.         non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part         thereof;     -   (f) nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes with a nucleic acid         molecule of (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) under stringent         hybridization conditions and confers increased herbicide         tolerance or resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g.         non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part         thereof;     -   wherein the amino acid sequence of the mutated TriA polypeptide         differs from the wildtype amino acid sequence of a TriA         polypeptide at one or more positions corresponding to the         following positions of SEQ ID NO:2: 92, 93, 155, 157.

Another object refers to an expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention and a promoter operable in plant cells.

Preferably, the promoter is a root-specific or root-enhanced promoter from Glycine max.

Another object refers to an isolated, recombinant and/or chemically synthesized mutated TriA polypeptide, the polypeptide comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue or homologue thereof, as defined hereinafter.

Preferably, the amino acid sequence of the mutated TriA polypeptide differs from the wildtype amino acid sequence of a TriA polypeptide at one or more positions corresponding to the following positions of SEQ ID NO:2: 92, 93, 155, 157.

In still further aspects, the present invention provides a plant or plant part comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides, wherein the plant or plant part further exhibits a second or third herbicide-tolerant trait.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a plant cell transformed by and expressing a wildtype or a mutated TriA nucleic acid according to the present invention or a plant which has been mutated to obtain a plant expressing, preferably overexpressing a wildtype or a mutated TriA nucleic acid according to the present invention, wherein expression of said nucleic acid in the plant cell results in increased resistance or tolerance to a herbicide as compared to a wildtype variety of the plant cell

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a plant comprising a plant cell according to the present invention, wherein expression of the nucleic acid in the plant results in the plant's increased resistance to herbicide as compared to a wildtype variety of the plant.

Preferably, the expression of the nucleic acid of the invention in the plant results in the plant's increased resistance to herbicides as compared to a wildtype variety of the plant.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a seed produced by a transgenic plant comprising a plant cell of the present invention, wherein the seed is true breeding for an increased resistance to a herbicide as compared to a wildtype variety of the seed.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a method of producing a transgenic plant cell with an increased resistance to a herbicide as compared to a wildtype variety of the plant cell comprising, transforming the plant cell with an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a method of producing a transgenic plant comprising, (a) transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, and (b) generating a plant with an increased resistance to herbicide from the plant cell.

Preferably, the expression cassette further comprises a transcription initiation regulatory region and a translation initiation regulatory region that are functional in the plant.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the hydroponics tolerance assessment of soybean plants treated with azines. Phenotypic development of wildtype (A) and transgenic events expressing triA mutant variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 containing amino acid substitutions at four positions, namely L92T_Y93L_M155T_F157L (B, C and D). Indicated values reflect [nM] amount of 6-cyclopentyl-N4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.

FIG. 2 shows degradation of 6-cyclopentyl-N4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine by by TriA-mutant polypeptides. The polypeptides were either used directly or following incubation at room temperature for 72h with or without protease supplemented.

FIG. 3 shows degradation of 6-cyclopentyl-N4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine by two TriA polypeptides with mutations L92A_Y93L_M155T_F157L (patent application WO 2018/011750) and L92T_Y93L_M155T_F157L. The polypeptides were either used directly or following incubation at 30° C. for 20h with different concentrations of protease supplemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one or more elements.

As used herein, the word “comprising,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

The term “control of undesired vegetation or weeds” is to be understood as meaning the killing of weeds and/or otherwise retarding or inhibiting the normal growth of the weeds. Weeds, in the broadest sense, are understood as meaning all those plants which grow in locations where they are undesired. The weeds of the present invention include, for example, dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds. Dicotyledonous weeds include, but are not limited to, weeds of the genera: Sinapis, Lepidium, Galium, Stellaria, Matricaria, Anthemis, Galinsoga, Chenopodium, Urtica, Senecio, Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xanthium, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polygonum, Sesbania, Ambrosia, Cirsium, Carduus, Sonchus, Solanum, Rorippa, Rotala, Lindernia, Lamium, Veronica, Abutilon, Emex, Datura, Viola, Galeopsis, Papaver, Centaurea, Trifolium, Ranunculus, and Taraxacum. Monocotyledonous weeds include, but are not limited to, weeds of of the genera: Echinochloa, Setaria, Panicum, Digitaria, Phleum, Poa, Festuca, Eleusine, Brachiaria, Lolium, Bromus, Avena, Cyperus, Sorghum, Agropyron, Cynodon, Monochoria, Fimbristyslis, Sagittaria, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Paspalum, Ischaemum, Sphenoclea, Dactyloctenium, Agrostis, Alopecurus, and Apera. In addition, the weeds of the present invention can include, for example, crop plants that are growing in an undesired location. For example, a volunteer maize plant that is in a field that predominantly comprises soybean plants can be considered a weed, if the maize plant is undesired in the field of soybean plants.

The term “plant” is used in its broadest sense as it pertains to organic material and is intended to encompass eukaryotic organisms that are members of the Kingdom Plantae, examples of which include but are not limited to vascular plants, vegetables, grains, flowers, trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, fungi and algae, etc, as well as clones, offsets, and parts of plants used for asexual propagation (e.g. cuttings, pipings, shoots, rhizomes, underground stems, clumps, crowns, bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, plants/tissues produced in tissue culture, etc.). The term “plant” further encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems, leaves, roots (including tubers), flowers, florets, fruits, pedicles, peduncles, stamen, anther, stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, carpel, root tip, root cap, root hair, leaf hair, seed hair, pollen grain, microspore, cotyledon, hypocotyl, epicotyl, xylem, phloem, parenchyma, endosperm, a companion cell, a guard cell, and any other known organs, tissues, and cells of a plant, and tissues and organs, wherein each of the aforementioned comprise the gene/nucleic acid of interest. The term “plant” also encompasses plant cells, suspension cultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores, again wherein each of the aforementioned comprises the gene/nucleic acid of interest.

Plants that are particularly useful in the methods of the invention include all plants which belong to the superfamily Viridiplantae, in particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants including fodder or forage legumes, ornamental plants, food crops, trees or shrubs selected from the list comprising Acer spp., Actinidia spp., Abelmoschus spp., Agave sisalana, Agropyron spp., Agrostis stolonifera, Allium spp., Amaranthus spp., Ammophila arenaria, Ananas comosus, Annona spp., Apium graveolens, Arachis spp, Artocarpus spp., Asparagus officinalis, Avena spp. (e.g. Avena sativa, Avena fatua, Avena byzantina, Avena fatua var. sativa, Avena hybrida), Averrhoa carambola, Bambusa sp., Benincasa hispida, Bertholletia excelsea, Beta vulgaris, Brassica spp. (e.g. Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp. [canola, oilseed rape, turnip rape]), Cadaba farinosa, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum spp., Carex elata, Carica papaya, Carissa macrocarpa, Carya spp., Carthamus tinctorius, Castanea spp., Ceiba pentandra, Cichorium endivia, Cinnamomum spp., Citrullus lanatus, Citrus spp., Cocos spp., Coffea spp., Colocasia esculenta, Cola spp., Corchorus sp., Coriandrum sativum, Corylus spp., Crataegus spp., Crocus sativus, Cucurbita spp., Cucumis spp., Cynara spp., Daucus carota, Desmodium spp., Dimocarpus longan, Dioscorea spp., Diospyros spp., Echinochloa spp., Elaeis (e.g. Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera), Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis tef, Erianthus sp., Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus sp., Eugenia uniflora, Fagopyrum spp., Fagus spp., Festuca arundinacea, Ficus carica, Fortunella spp., Fragaria spp., Ginkgo biloba, Glycine spp. (e.g. Glycine max, Soja hispida or Soja max), Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus spp. (e.g. Helianthus annuus), Hemerocallis fulva, Hibiscus spp., Hordeum spp. (e.g. Hordeum vulgare), Ipomoea batatas, Juglans spp., Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus spp., Lens culinaris, Linum usitatissimum, Litchi chinensis, Lotus spp., Luffa acutangula, Lupinus spp., Luzula sylvatica, Lycopersicon spp. (e.g. Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon lycopersicum, Lycopersicon pyriforme), Macrotyloma spp., Malus spp., Malpighia emarginata, Mammea americana, Mangifera indica, Manihot spp., Manilkara zapota, Medicago sativa, Melilotus spp., Mentha spp., Miscanthus sinensis, Momordica spp., Morus nigra, Musa spp., Nicotiana spp., Olea spp., Opuntia spp., Ornithopus spp., Oryza spp. (e.g. Oryza sativa, Oryza latifolia), Panicum miliaceum, Panicum virgatum, Passiflora edulis, Pastinaca sativa, Pennisetum sp., Persea spp., Petroselinum crispum, Phalaris arundinacea, Phaseolus spp., Phleum pratense, Phoenix spp., Phragmites australis, Physalis spp., Pinus spp., Pistacia vera, Pisum spp., Poa spp., Populus spp., Prosopis spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum, Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Raphanus sativus, Rheum rhabarbarum, Ribes spp., Ricinus communis, Rubus spp., Saccharum spp., Salix sp., Sambucus spp., Secale cereals, Sesamum spp., Sinapis sp., Solanum spp. (e.g. Solanum tuberosum, Solanum integrifolium or Solanum lycopersicum), Sorghum bicolor, Spinacia spp., Syzygium spp., Tagetes spp., Tamarindus indica, Theobroma cacao, Trifolium spp., Tripsacum dactyloides, Triticosecale rimpaui, Triticum spp. (e.g. Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum hybernum, Triticum macha, Triticum sativum, Triticum monococcum or Triticum vulgare), Tropaeolum minus, Tropaeolum majus, Vaccinium spp., Vicia spp., Vigna spp., Viola odorata, Vitis spp., Zea mays, Zizania palustris, Ziziphus spp., amaranth, artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola, carrot, cauliflower, celery, collard greens, flax, kale, lentil, oilseed rape, okra, onion, potato, rice, soybean, strawberry, sugar beet, sugar cane, sunflower, tomato, squash, tea and algae, amongst others. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plant is a crop plant. Examples of crop plants include inter alia soybean, sunflower, canola, alfalfa, rapeseed, cotton, tomato, potato or tobacco. Further preferably, the plant is a monocotyledonous plant, such as sugarcane. Further preferably, the plant is a cereal, such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, millet, rye, sorghum or oats.

Generally, the term “herbicide” is used herein to mean an active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants. The preferred amount or concentration of the herbicide is an “effective amount” or “effective concentration.” By “effective amount” and “effective concentration” is intended an amount and concentration, respectively, that is sufficient to kill or inhibit the growth of a similar, wild-type, plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or host cell, but that said amount does not kill or inhibit as severely the growth of the herbicide-resistant plants, plant tissues, plant cells, and host cells of the present invention. Typically, the effective amount of a herbicide is an amount that is routinely used in agricultural production systems to kill weeds of interest. Such an amount is known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Herbicidal activity is exhibited by herbicides useful for the the present invention when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted as is known in the art to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. Generally, the herbicide treatments can be applied PPI (Pre Plant Incorporated), PPSA (Post plant surface applied), PRE- or POST-emergent. Postemergent treatment typically occurs to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.

By a “herbicide-tolerant” or “herbicide-resistant” plant, it is intended that a plant that is tolerant or resistant to at least one herbicide at a level that would normally kill, or inhibit the growth of, a normal or wildtype plant. Levels of herbicide that normally inhibit growth of a non-tolerant plant are known and readily determined by those skilled in the art. Examples include the amounts recommended by manufacturers for application. The maximum rate is an example of an amount of herbicide that would normally inhibit growth of a non-tolerant plant. For the present invention, the terms “herbicide-tolerant” and “herbicide-resistant” are used interchangeably and are intended to have an equivalent meaning and an equivalent scope. Similarly, the terms “herbicide-tolerance” and “herbicide-resistance” are used interchangeably and are intended to have an equivalent meaning and an equivalent scope. Similarly, the terms “tolerant” and “resistant” are used interchangeably and are intended to have an equivalent meaning and an equivalent scope. As used herein, in regard to an herbicidal composition useful in various embodiments hereof, terms such as herbicides, and the like, refer to those agronomically acceptable herbicide active ingredients (A.I.) recognized in the art. Similarly, terms such as fungicide, nematicide, pesticide, and the like, refer to other agronomically acceptable active ingredients recognized in the art.

When used in reference to a particular mutant enzyme or polypeptide, terms such as herbicide-tolerant and herbicide-tolerance refer to the ability of such enzyme or polypeptide to perform its physiological activity in the presence of an amount of an herbicide A.I. that would normally inactivate or inhibit the activity of the wild-type (non-mutant) version of said enzyme or polypeptide. On the other hand, when used specifically in regard to a TriA enzyme, it refers specifically to the ability to metabolize, and thereby inactivate herbicides which inhibit cellulose biosynthesis, so-called cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBI) By “herbicide-tolerant mutated TriA protein” or “herbicide-resistant mutated TriA protein”, it is intended that such a TriA protein displays higher metabolizing activity, relative to the metabolizing activity of a wild-type TriA protein, when in the presence of at least one herbicide that is known to interfere with cellulose biosynthesis and at a concentration or level of the herbicide that is known to inhibit cellulose biosynthesis. The metabolizing activity is dependent on the protein's inherent catalytic activity and the amount of catalytically active protein present in the plant tissue. For protein to be catalytically active, it needs to be correctly folded. Incorrectly folded protein or partially unfolded protein is susceptible to degradation by cytosolic proteases which lowers the amount of catalytically active protein in the plant tissue. Therefore, it is desirable that mutated TriA protein is resistant to degradation by proteases. Furthermore, the TriA activity of such a herbicide-tolerant or herbicide-resistant mutated TriA protein may be referred to herein as “herbicide-tolerant” or “herbicide-resistant” TriA activity.

As used herein, “recombinant,” when referring to nucleic acid or polypeptide, indicates that such material has been altered as a result of human application of a recombinant technique, such as by polynucleotide restriction and ligation, by polynucleotide overlap-extension, or by genomic insertion or transformation. A gene sequence open reading frame is recombinant if that nucleotide sequence has been removed from it natural text and cloned into any type of artificial nucleic acid vector. The term recombinant also can refer to an organism having a recombinant material, e.g., a plant that comprises a recombinant nucleic acid can be considered a recombinant plant.

The term “transgenic plant” refers to a plant that comprises a heterologous polynucleotide. Preferably, the heterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations. The heterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant expression cassette. “Transgenic” is used herein to refer to any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotype of which has been so altered by the presence of heterologous nucleic acid including those transgenic organisms or cells initially so altered, as well as those created by crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic organism or cell. In some embodiments, a “recombinant” organism is a “transgenic” organism. The term “transgenic” as used herein is not intended to encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods (e.g., crosses) or by naturally occurring events such as, e.g., self-fertilization, random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.

As used herein, “mutagenized” refers to an organism or DNA thereof having alteration(s) in the biomolecular sequence of its native genetic material as compared to the sequence of the genetic material of a corresponding wildtype organism or DNA, wherein the alteration(s) in genetic material were induced and/or selected by human action. Examples of human action that can be used to produce a mutagenized organism or DNA include, but are not limited to treatment with a chemical mutagen such as EMS and subsequent selection with herbicide(s); or by treatment of plant cells with x-rays and subsequent selection with herbicide(s). Any method known in the art can be used to induce mutations. Methods of inducing mutations can induce mutations in random positions in the genetic material or can induce mutations in specific locations in the genetic material (i.e., can be directed mutagenesis techniques), such as by use of a genoplasty technique.

As used herein, a “genetically modified organism” (GMO) is an organism whose genetic characteristics contain alteration(s) that were produced by human effort causing transfection that results in transformation of a target organism with genetic material from another or “source” organism, or with synthetic or modified-native genetic material, or an organism that is a descendant thereof that retains the inserted genetic material. The source organism can be of a different type of organism (e.g., a GMO plant can contain bacterial genetic material) or from the same type of organism (e.g., a GMO plant can contain genetic material from another plant). As used herein in regard to plants and other organisms, “recombinant,” “transgenic,” and “GMO” are considered synonyms and indicate the presence of genetic material from a different source; in contrast, “mutagenized” is used to refer to a plant or other organism, or the DNA thereof, in which no such transgenic material is present, but in which the native genetic material has become mutated so as to differ from a corresponding wild-type organism or DNA.

As used herein, “wildtype” or “corresponding wildtype plant” means the typical form of an organism or its genetic material, as it normally occurs, as distinguished from, e.g., mutagenized and/or recombinant forms. Similarly, by “control cell” or “similar, wildtype, plant, plant tissue, plant cell or host cell” is intended a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or host cell, respectively, that lacks the herbicide-resistance characteristics and/or particular polynucleotide of the invention that are disclosed herein. The use of the term “wildtype” is not, therefore, intended to imply that a plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or other host cell lacks recombinant DNA in its genome, and/or does not possess herbicide-resistant characteristics that are different from those disclosed herein.

As used herein, “descendant” refers to any generation plant. In some embodiments, a descendant is a first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eight, ninth, or tenth generation plant.

As used herein, “progeny” refers to a first generation plant.

The term “seed” comprises seeds of all types, such as, for example, true seeds, caryopses, achenes, fruits, tubers, seedlings and similar forms. In the context of Brassica and Sinapis species, “seed” refers to true seed(s) unless otherwise specified. For example, the seed can be seed of transgenic plants or plants obtained by traditional breeding methods. Examples of traditional breeding methods can include cross-breeding, selfing, back-crossing, embryo rescue, in-crossing, out-crossing, inbreeding, selection, asexual propagation, and other traditional techniques as are known in the art.

Although exemplified with reference to specific plants or plant varieties and their hybrids, in various embodiments, the presently described methods using herbicides can be employed with a variety of commercially valuable plants. Herbicide-tolerant plant lines described as useful herein can be employed in weed control methods either directly or indirectly, i. e. either as crops for herbicide treatment or as herbicide-tolerance trait donor lines for development, to produce other varietal and/or hybrid crops containing such trait or traits. All such resulting variety or hybrids crops, containing the ancestral herbicide-tolerance trait or traits can be referred to herein as progeny or descendant of the ancestral, herbicide-tolerant line(s). Such resulting plants can be said to retain the “herbicide tolerance characteristic(s)” of the ancestral plant, i.e. meaning that they possess and express the ancestral genetic molecular components responsible for the trait.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a plant or plant part comprising a polynucleotide encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide, the expression of said polynucleotide confers to the plant or plant part tolerance to herbicides.

In a preferred embodiment, the plant has been previously produced by a process comprising recombinantly preparing a plant by introducing and over-expressing a wild-type or mutated TriA transgene according to the present invention, as described in greater detail hereinfter.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide encoding the mutated TriA polypeptide polypeptide comprises the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant or derivative thereof.

In other embodiments, the mutated TriA polypeptide according to the present invention is a functional variant having, over the full-length of the variant, at least about 80%, illustratively, at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or more amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

In another embodiment, the mutated TriA polypeptide for use according to the present invention is a functional fragment of a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.

It is recognized that the TriA polynucleotide molecules and TriA polypeptides of the invention encompass polynucleotide molecules and polypeptides comprising a nucleotide or an amino acid sequence that is sufficiently identical to nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID Nos: 1, or to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID Nos: 2. The term “sufficiently identical” is used herein to refer to a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence that contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., with a similar side chain) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences have a common structural domain and/or common functional activity.

Generally, “sequence identity” refers to the extent to which two optimally aligned DNA or amino acid sequences are invariant throughout a window of alignment of components, e.g., nucleotides or amino acids. An “identity fraction” for aligned segments of a test sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identical components that are shared by the two aligned sequences divided by the total number of components in reference sequence segment, i.e., the entire reference sequence or a smaller defined part of the reference sequence. “Percent identity” is the identity fraction times 100. Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window are well known to those skilled in the art and may be conducted by tools such as the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, and preferably by computerized implementations of these algorithms such as GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA available as part of the GCG. Wisconsin Package. (Accelrys Inc. Burlington, Mass.)

Polynucleotides and Oligonucleotides

By an “isolated polynucleotide”, including DNA, RNA, or a combination of these, single or double stranded, in the sense or antisense orientation or a combination of both, dsRNA or otherwise, we mean a polynucleotide which is at least partially separated from the polynucleotide sequences with which it is associated or linked in its native state. Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide is at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and most preferably at least 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated. As the skilled addressee would be aware, an isolated polynucleotide can be an exogenous polynucleotide present in, for example, a transgenic organism which does not naturally comprise the polynucleotide. Furthermore, the terms “polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleic acid sequence(s)”, “nucleotide sequence(s)”, “nucleic acid(s)”, “nucleic acid molecule” are used interchangeably herein and refer to nucleotides, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of both, in a polymeric unbranched form of any length.

The term “mutated TriA nucleic acid” refers to a TriA nucleic acid having a sequence that is mutated from a wild-type TriA nucleic acid and that confers increased herbicide tolerance to a plant in which it is expressed. Furthermore, the term “mutated melamine deaminase (mutated TriA)” refers to the replacement of an amino acid of the wild-type primary sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant, a derivative, a homologue, an orthologue, or paralogue thereof, with another amino acid. The expression “mutated amino acid” will be used below to designate the amino acid which is replaced by another amino acid, thereby designating the site of the mutation in the primary sequence of the protein.

In a preferred embodiment, the TriA nucleotide sequence encoding a mutated TriA comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant or derivative thereof

Furthermore, it will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the TriA nucleotide sequences encompasse homologues, paralogues and and orthologues of SEQ ID NO: 1, as defined hereinafter.

The term “variant” with respect to a sequence (e.g., a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence such as—for example—a transcription regulating nucleotide sequence of the invention) is intended to mean substantially similar sequences. For nucleotide sequences comprising an open reading frame, variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the identical amino acid sequence of the native protein. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques. Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis and for open reading frames, encode the native protein comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, as well as those that encode a polypeptide having amino acid substitutions relative to the native protein, e.g. the mutated TriA according to the present invention as disclosed herein. Generally, nucleotide sequence variants of the invention will have at least 30, 40, 50, 60, to 70%, e.g., preferably 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, to 79%, generally at least 80%, e.g., 81%-84%, at least 85%, e.g., 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, to 98% and 99% nucleotide “sequence identity” to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The % identity of a polynucleotide is determined by GAP (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970) analysis (GCG program) with a gap creation penalty=5, and a gap extension penalty=0.3. Unless stated otherwise, the query sequence is at least 45 nucleotides in length, and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 45 nucleotides. Preferably, the query sequence is at least 150 nucleotides in length, and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 150 nucleotides. More preferably, the query sequence is at least 300 nucleotides in length and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 300 nucleotides. Even more preferably, the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over their entire length.

Polypeptides

By “substantially purified polypeptide” or “purified” a polypeptide is meant that has been separated from one or more lipids, nucleic acids, other polypeptides, or other contaminating molecules with which it is associated in its native state. It is preferred that the substantially purified polypeptide is at least 60% free, more preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free from other components with which it is naturally associated. As the skilled addressee will appreciate, the purified polypeptide can be a recombinantly produced polypeptide. The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are generally used interchangeably and refer to a single polypeptide chain which may or may not be modified by addition of non-amino acid groups. It would be understood that such polypeptide chains may associate with other polypeptides or proteins or other molecules such as co-factors. The terms “proteins” and “polypeptides” as used herein also include variants, mutants, modifications, analogous and/or derivatives of the polypeptides of the invention as described herein.

The % identity of a polypeptide is determined by GAP (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970) analysis (GCG program) with a gap creation penalty=5, and a gap extension penalty=0.3. The query sequence is at least 25 amino acids in length, and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 25 amino acids. More preferably, the query sequence is at least 50 amino acids in length, and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 50 amino acids. More preferably, the query sequence is at least 100 amino acids in length and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 100 amino acids. Even more preferably, the query sequence is at least 250 amino acids in length and the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 250 amino acids. Even more preferably, the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over their entire length.

With regard to a defined polypeptide, it will be appreciated that % identity figures higher than those provided above will encompass preferred embodiments. Thus, where applicable, in light of the minimum % identity figures, it is preferred that the TriA polypeptide of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 40%, more preferably at least 45%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%, more preferably at least 99.1%, more preferably at least 99.2%, more preferably at least 99.3%, more preferably at least 99.4%, more preferably at least 99.5%, more preferably at least 99.6%, more preferably at least 99.7%, more preferably at least 99.8%, and even more preferably at least 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.

By “variant” polypeptide is intended a polypeptide derived from the protein of SEQ ID NO: 2, by deletion (so-called truncation) or addition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the native protein; deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art.

“Derivatives” of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived. Thus, functional variants and fragments of the TriA polypeptides, and nucleic acid molecules encoding them, also are within the scope of the present invention, and unless specifically described otherwise, irrespective of the origin of said polypeptide and irrespective of whether it occurs naturally. Various assays for functionality of a TriA polypeptide can be employed. For example, a functional variant or fragment of the TriA polypeptide can be assayed to determine its ability to confer herbicides detoxification. By way of illustration, a herbicides detoxification rate can be defined as a catalytic rate sufficient to provide a determinable increase in tolerance to herbicides in a plant or plant part comprising a recombinant polynucleotide encoding the variant or fragment of the TriA polypeptide, wherein the plant or plant part expresses the variant or fragment at up to about 0.5%, illustratively, about 0.05 to about 0.5%, about 0.1 to about 0.4%, and about 0.2 to about 0.3%, of the total cellular protein relative to a similarly treated control plant that does not express the variant or fragment.

In a preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA polypeptide is a functional variant or fragment of a melamine deaminase having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the functional variant or fragment has at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.

In other embodiments, the functional variant or fragment further has a herbicides detoxification rate defined as a catalytic rate sufficient to provide a determinable increase in tolerance to herbicides in a plant or plant part comprising a recombinant polynucleotide encoding the variant or fragment, wherein the plant or plant part expresses the variant or fragment at up to about 0.5% of the total cellular protein to a similarly treated control plant that does not express the variant or fragment.

“Homologues” of a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived.

In addition, one of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that changes can be introduced by mutation into the nucleotide sequences of the invention thereby leading to changes in the amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins without altering the biological activity of the proteins. Thus, for example, an isolated polynucleotide molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that differs from that of SEQ ID NO: 2 can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions, or deletions into the corresponding nucleotide sequence, such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein. Mutations can be introduced by standard techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Such variant nucleotide sequences are also encompassed by the present invention. For example, preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions may be made at one or more predicted preferably nonessential amino acid residues. A “nonessential” amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence of a protein without altering the biological activity, whereas an “essential” amino acid residue is required for biological activity.

A deletion refers to removal of one or more amino acids from a protein.

An insertion refers to one or more amino acid residues being introduced into a predetermined site in a protein. Insertions may comprise N-terminal and/or C-terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. Generally, insertions within the amino acid sequence will be smaller than N- or C-terminal fusions, of the order of about 1 to 10 residues. Examples of N- or C-terminal fusion proteins or peptides include the binding domain or activation domain of a transcriptional activator as used in the yeast two-hybrid system, phage coat proteins, (histidine)-6-tag, glutathione 5-transferase-tag, protein A, maltose-binding protein, dihydrofolate reductase, Tag•100 epitope, c-myc epitope, FLAG®-epitope, lacZ, CMP (calmodulin-binding peptide), HA epitope, protein C epitope and VSV epitope.

A substitution refers to replacement of amino acids of the protein with other amino acids having similar properties (such as similar hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antigenicity, propensity to form or break α-helical structures or δ-sheet structures). Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues, but may be clustered depending upon functional constraints placed upon the polypeptide and may range from 1 to 10 amino acids; insertions will usually be of the order of about 1 to 10 amino acid residues. A conservative amino acid substitution is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Such substitutions would not be made for conserved amino acid residues, or for amino acid residues residing within a conserved motif. Conservative substitution tables are well known in the art (see for example Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H. Freeman and Company (Eds).

Amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions may readily be made using peptide synthetic techniques well known in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis and the like, or by recombinant DNA manipulation. Methods for the manipulation of DNA sequences to produce substitution, insertion or deletion variants of a protein are well known in the art. For example, techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA are well known to those skilled in the art and include M13 mutagenesis, T7-Gen in vitro mutagenesis (USB, Cleveland, Ohio), QuickChange Site Directed mutagenesis (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.), PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis or other site-directed mutagenesis protocols.

“Derivatives” further include peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides which may, compared to the amino acid sequence of the naturally-occurring form of the protein, such as the protein of interest, comprise substitutions of amino acids with non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, or additions of non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. “Derivatives” of a protein also encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides which comprise naturally occurring altered (glycosylated, acylated, prenylated, phosphorylated, myristoylated, sulphated etc.) or non-naturally altered amino acid residues compared to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring form of the polypeptide. A derivative may also comprise one or more non-amino acid substituents or additions compared to the amino acid sequence from which it is derived, for example a reporter molecule or other ligand, covalently or non-covalently bound to the amino acid sequence, such as a reporter molecule which is bound to facilitate its detection, and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues relative to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring protein. Furthermore, “derivatives” also include fusions of the naturally-occurring form of the protein with tagging peptides such as FLAG, HIS6 or thioredoxin (for a review of tagging peptides, see Terpe, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 523-533, 2003).

“Orthologues” and “paralogues” encompass evolutionary concepts used to describe the ancestral relationships of genes. Paralogues are genes within the same species that have originated through duplication of an ancestral gene; orthologues are genes from different organisms that have originated through speciation, and are also derived from a common ancestral gene.

Variants, orthologues and paralogues of SEQ ID NO:2 encompassed by the present invention are shown, but not limited to polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or 31.

It is well-known in the art that paralogues and orthologues may share distinct domains harboring suitable amino acid residues at given sites, such as binding pockets for particular substrates or binding motifs for interaction with other proteins.

The term “domain” refers to a set of amino acids conserved at specific positions along an alignment of sequences of evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary between homologues, amino acids that are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids that are likely essential in the structure, stability or function of a protein. Identified by their high degree of conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used as identifiers to determine if any polypeptide in question belongs to a previously identified polypeptide family.

The term “motif” or “consensus sequence” refers to a short conserved region in the sequence of evolutionarily related proteins. Motifs are frequently highly conserved parts of domains, but may also include only part of the domain, or be located outside of conserved domain (if all of the amino acids of the motif fall outside of a defined domain). Specialist databases exist for the identification of domains, for example, SMART (Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5857-5864; Letunic et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30, 242-244), InterPro (Mulder et al., (2003) Nucl. Acids. Res. 31, 315-318), Prosite (Bucher and Bairoch (1994), A generalized profile syntax for biomolecular sequences motifs and its function in automatic sequence interpretation. (In) ISMB-94; Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. Altman R., Brutlag D., Karp P., Lathrop R., Searls D., Eds., pp 53-61, AAAI Press, Menlo Park; Hulo et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 32:D134-D137, (2004)), or Pfam (Bateman et al., Nucleic Acids Research 30(1): 276-280 (2002)). A set of tools for in silico analysis of protein sequences is available on the ExPASy proteomics server (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Gasteiger et al., ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis, Nucleic Acids Res. 31:3784-3788(2003)). Domains or motifs may also be identified using routine techniques, such as by sequence alignment.

Methods for the alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art, such methods include GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch ((1970) J Mol Biol 48: 443-453) to find the global (i.e. spanning the complete sequences) alignment of two sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. The BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. (1990) J Mol Biol 215: 403-10) calculates percent sequence identity and performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between the two sequences. The software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Homologues may readily be identified using, for example, the ClustalW multiple sequence alignment algorithm (version 1.83), with the default pairwise alignment parameters, and a scoring method in percentage (See FIG. 1). Global percentages of similarity and identity may also be determined using one of the methods available in the MatGAT software package (Campanella et al., BMC Bioinformatics. 2003 Jul. 10; 4:29. MatGAT: an application that generates similarity/identity matrices using protein or DNA sequences). Minor manual editing may be performed to optimise alignment between conserved motifs, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art. Furthermore, instead of using full-length sequences for the identification of homologues, specific domains may also be used. The sequence identity values may be determined over the entire nucleic acid or amino acid sequence or over selected domains or conserved motif(s), using the programs mentioned above using the default parameters. For local alignments, the Smith-Waterman algorithm is particularly useful (Smith T F, Waterman M S (1981) J. Mol. Biol 147(1); 195-7).

The proteins of the invention may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) PNAS, 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the protein of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D. C), herein incorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may be preferable.

Alternatively, variant nucleotide sequences can be made by introducing mutations randomly along all or part of a coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened to identify mutants that encode proteins that retain activity. For example, following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly, and the activity of the protein can be determined using standard assay techniques.

The inventors of the present invention have found that by substituting one or more of the key amino acid residues of the TriA enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 2, e.g. by employing one of the above described methods to mutate the TriA encoding nucleic acids, the tolerance or resistance to particular herbicides could be remarkably increased. Preferred substitutions of mutated TriA are those that increase the herbicide tolerance of the plant, but leave the biological activitiy of the deaminase activity substantially unaffected.

Accordingly, in another object of the present invention refers to a mutated TriA polypeptide, comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue or homologue thereof, the key amino acid residues of which is substituted by any other amino acid.

It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that amino acids located in a close proximity to the positions of amino acids mentioned below may also be substituted. Thus, in another embodiment the variant of SEQ ID NO: 2, a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue or homologue thereof comprises a mutated TriA, wherein an amino acid ±3, ±2 or ±1 amino acid positions from a key amino acid is substituted by any other amino acid. Based on techniques well-known in the art, a highly characteristic sequence pattern can be developed, by means of which further of mutated TriA candidates with the desired activity may be searched.

Searching for further mutated TriA candidates by applying a suitable sequence pattern would also be encompassed by the present invention. It will be understood by a skilled reader that the present sequence pattern is not limited by the exact distances between two adjacent amino acid residues of said pattern. Each of the distances between two neighbours in the above patterns may, for example, vary independently of each other by up to ±10, ±5, ±3, ±2 or ±1 amino acid positions without substantially affecting the desired activity.

Furthermore, by applying the method of site directed mutagenesis, e.g. saturation mutagenes (see e.g. Schenk et al., Biospektrum March 2006, pages 277-279), the inventors of the present invention have identified and generated specific amino acid substitutions and combinations thereof, which—when introduced into a plant by transforming and expressing the respective mutated TriA encoding nucleic acid—confer increased herbicide resistance or tolerance to a herbicide to said plant.

Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the variant or derivative of the mutated TriA refers to a TriA polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2, a orthologue, paralogue, or homologue thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence differs from the wildtype amino acid sequence of a TriA polypeptide at one or more positions corresponding to the following positions of SEQ ID NO:2:

92, 93, 155, 157.

Examples of differences at these amino acid positions include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is substituted by any other amino acid;

the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is substituted by any other amino acid;

the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is substituted by any other amino acid;

the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is substituted by any other amino acid;

Examples of differences at these amino acid positions include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is other than Leucine;

the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is other than Tyrosine;

the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is other than Methionine;

the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is other than Phenylalanine;

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Phe, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Asn, Pro, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, or Tyr.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Phe, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Asn, Pro, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, or Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Phe, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Leu, Asn, Pro, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, or Tyr.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Leu, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Asn, Pro, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, or Tyr.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Met, Asn, Pro, Gln, Ser, Thr, Val, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Cys, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Asp, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Glu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Gly, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is His, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ile, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Met, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Asn, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Pro, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Gln, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ser, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Val, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Ala, Cys, Glu, Phe, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Asn, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, and

the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Cys, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Glu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Phe, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Gly, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is His, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Ile, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Lys, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Met, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Asn, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Gln, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Arg, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Ser, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Val, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Trp, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Ala, Cys, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Leu, Asn, Pro, Gln, Ser, Val, Tyr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Cys, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Gly, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is His, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Ile, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Lys, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Asn, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Pro, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Gln, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Ser, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Val, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Tyr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Ala, Cys, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Met, Asn, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp, Tyr.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Ala.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Cys.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Glu.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Gly.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is His.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Ile.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Lys.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Met.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Asn.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Gln.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Arg.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Ser.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Thr.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Val.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Trp.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Tyr.

It will be within the knowledge of the skilled artisan to identify conserved regions and motifs shared between the homologues, orthologues and paralogues encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1. Having identified such conserved regions that may represent suitable binding motifs, amino acids can be chosen to be substituted by any other amino acid, for example by conserved amino acids, preferably by the amino acid substitutions described SUPRA using SEQ ID NO:2 as reference.

Another object refers to a method of identifying a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutated TriA which is resistant or tolerant to a herbicide, the method comprising:

-   a) generating a library of mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acids, -   b) screening a population of the resulting mutated TriA-encoding     nucleic acids by expressing each of said nucleic acids in a cell or     plant and treating said cell or plant with a herbicide, -   c) comparing the herbicide-tolerance levels provided by said     population of mutated TriA encoding nucleic acids with the     herbicide-tolerance level provided by a control TriA-encoding     nucleic acid, -   d) selecting at least one mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acid that     provides a significantly increased level of tolerance to a herbicide     as compared to that provided by the control TriA-encoding nucleic     acid.

Herbicide-tolerance levels may also be determined by measuring the detoxification rate in a cell, tissue, or plant.

Detoxification rate is the rate of herbicide degradation within a certain timeframe in a respective tissue. The degradation and product formation can be determined analytically for instance by liquid chromatographie (LC) coupled to a high resolution (HR) mass spectromter (MS). Product can be determined by comparison to authentic standards and/or by structure elucidation.

In a preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acid selected in step d) provides at least 2-fold as much resistance or tolerance of a cell or plant to a herbicide as compared to that provided by the control TriA-encoding nucleic acid.

In a further preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA-encoding nucleic acid selected in step d) provides at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, as much resistance or tolerance of a cell or plant to a herbicide as compared to that provided by the control TriA-encoding nucleic acid.

The resistance or tolerance can be determined by generating a transgenic plant or host cell, preferably a plant cell, comprising a nucleic acid sequence of the library of step a) and comparing said transgenic plant with a control plant or host cell, preferably a plant cell.

Many methods well known to the skilled artisan are available for obtaining suitable candidate nucleic acids for identifying a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutated TriA from a variety of different potential source organisms including microbes, plants, fungi, algae, mixed cultures etc. as well as environmental sources of DNA such as soil. These methods include inter alia the preparation of cDNA or genomic DNA libraries, the use of suitably degenerate oligonucleotide primers, the use of probes based upon known sequences or complementation assays (for example, for growth upon tyrosine) as well as the use of mutagenesis and shuffling in order to provide recombined or shuffled mutated TriA-encoding sequences.

Nucleic acids comprising candidate and control TriA encoding sequences can be expressed in yeast, in a bacterial host strain, in an alga or in a higher plant such as tobacco or Arabidopsis and the relative levels of inherent tolerance of the TriA encoding sequences screened according to a visible indicator phenotype of the transformed strain or plant in the presence of different concentrations of the selected herbicide. Dose responses and relative shifts in dose responses associated with these indicator phenotypes (formation of brown color, growth inhibition, herbicidal effect etc) are conveniently expressed in terms, for example, of GR50 (concentration for 50% reduction of growth) or MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values where increases in values correspond to increases in inherent tolerance of the expressed TriA. For example, in a relatively rapid assay system based upon transformation of a bacterium such as E. coli, each mutated TriA encoding sequence may be expressed, for example, as a DNA sequence under expression control of a controllable promoter such as the lacZ promoter and taking suitable account, for example by the use of synthetic DNA, of such issues as codon usage in order to obtain as comparable a level of expression as possible of different TriA sequences. Such strains expressing nucleic acids comprising alternative candidate TriA sequences may be plated out on different concentrations of the selected herbicide in, optionally, a tyrosine supplemented medium and the relative levels of inherent tolerance of the expressed TriA enzymes estimated on the basis of the extent and MIC for inhibition of the formation of the brown, ochronotic pigment, or by measuring the herbicide degradation via LC-HRMS (liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry).

In another embodiment, candidate nucleic acids are transformed into plant material to generate a transgenic plant, regenerated into morphologically normal fertile plants which are then measured for differential tolerance to selected herbicides as described in the Example section hereinafter. Many suitable methods for transformation using suitable selection markers such as kanamycin, binary vectors such as from Agrobacterium and plant regeneration as, for example, from tobacco leaf discs are well known in the art. Optionally, a control population of plants is likewise transformed with a nucleic acid expressing the control TriA. The average, and distribution, of herbicide tolerance levels of a range of primary plant transformation events or their progeny to herbicides described supra are evaluated in the normal manner based upon plant damage, meristematic bleaching symptoms etc. at a range of different concentrations of herbicides. These data can be expressed in terms of, for example, GR50 values derived from dose/response curves having “dose” plotted on the x-axis and “percentage kill”, “herbicidal effect”, “numbers of emerging green plants” etc. plotted on the y-axis where increased GR50 values correspond to increased levels of inherent tolerance of the expressed TriA. Herbicides can suitably be applied pre-emergence or post-emergence.

Another object of the present invention refers to an isolated, recombinant and/or chemically synthesized nucleic acid encoding a mutated TriA as disclosed SUPRA, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant or derivative thereof.

Examples of differences at these amino acid positions include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is substituted by any other amino acid;

the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is substituted by any other amino acid;

the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is substituted by any other amino acid;

the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is substituted by any other amino acid;

In a preferred embodiment, the encoded mutated TriA is a variant of SEQ ID NO:2, which includes one or more of the following:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is other than Leucine;

the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is other than Tyrosine;

the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is other than Methionine;

the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is other than Phenylalanine;

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the mutated TriA encoded by the nucleic acid of the present invention comprises a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 in which the amino acids at positions corresponding to positions 92, 93, 155, and 157 of SEQ ID NO:2 are substituted by any other amino acid.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the encoded mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Val, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the encoded mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the encoded mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ala, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the encoded mutated TriA comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 a variant, derivative, orthologue, paralogue of homologue thereof, in which:

the amino acid corresponding to position 92 is Ser, and the amino acid corresponding to position 93 is Leu, and the amino acid corresponding to position 155 is Thr, and the amino acid corresponding to position 157 is Leu

In other aspects, the present invention encompasses a progeny or a descendant of a herbicide-tolerant plant of the present invention as well as seeds derived from the herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention and cells derived from the herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a progeny or descendant plant derived from a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, wherein the progeny or descendant plant comprises in at least some of its cells the recombinant polynucleotide operably linked to the promoter, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the progeny or descendant plant tolerance to the herbicides.

In one embodiment, seeds of the present invention preferably comprise the herbicide-tolerance characteristics of the herbicide-tolerant plant. In other embodiments, a seed is capable of germination into a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the progeny or descendant plant tolerance to the herbicides.

In some embodiments, plant cells of the present invention are capable of regenerating a plant or plant part. In other embodiments, plant cells are not capable of regenerating a plant or plant part. Examples of cells not capable of regenerating a plant include, but are not limited to, endosperm, seed coat (testa & pericarp), and root cap.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a plant cell of or capable of regenerating a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to the herbicides, wherein the plant cell comprises the recombinant polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the cell tolerance to the herbicides.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a plant cell transformed by a nucleic acid encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide according to the present invention, wherein expression of the nucleic acid in the plant cell results in increased resistance or tolerance to a herbicide as compared to a wild type variety of the plant cell. Preferably, the mutated TriA polypeptide encoding nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) a polynucleotide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant or derivative thereof; b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant or derivative thereof; c) a polynucleotide comprising at least 60 consecutive nucleotides of any of a) or b); and d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of any of a) through c).

In some aspects, the present invention provides a plant product prepared from the herbicide-tolerant plants hereof. In some embodiments, examples of plant products include, without limitation, grain, oil, and meal. In one embodiment, a plant product is plant grain (e.g., grain suitable for use as feed or for processing), plant oil (e.g., oil suitable for use as food or biodiesel), or plant meal (e.g., meal suitable for use as feed).

In one embodiment, a plant product prepared from a plant or plant part is provided, wherein the plant or plant part comprises in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the a plant or plant part tolerance to the herbicides.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a method of producing a transgenic plant cell with an increased resistance to a herbicide as compared to a wild type variety of the plant cell comprising, transforming the plant cell with an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a method of producing a transgenic plant comprising, (a) transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, and (b) generating a plant with an increased resistance to herbicide from the plant cell.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-tolerant plant. In one embodiment, the method comprises: regenerating a plant from a plant cell transformed with a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to the herbicides.

The term “expression/expressing” or “gene expression” means the transcription of a specific gene or specific genes or specific genetic construct. The term “expression” or “gene expression” in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a protein. The process includes transcription of DNA and processing of the resulting mRNA product.

To obtain the desired effect, i.e. plants that are tolerant or resistant to the herbicide derivative herbicide of the present invention, it will be understood that the at least one nucleic acid is “over-expressed” by methods and means known to the person skilled in the art.

The term “increased expression” or “overexpression” as used herein means any form of expression that is additional to the wild-type expression level. Methods for increasing expression of genes or gene products are well documented in the art and include, for example, overexpression driven by appropriate promoters, the use of transcription enhancers or translation enhancers. Isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancer elements may be introduced in an appropriate position (typically upstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide so as to upregulate expression of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of interest. For example, endogenous promoters may be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., WO9322443), or isolated promoters may be introduced into a plant cell in the proper orientation and distance from a gene of the present invention so as to control the expression of the gene. If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable to include a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotide coding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′ end sequence to be added may be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene. An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) or the coding sequence of the partial coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron in the transcription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg (1988) Mol. Cell biol. 8: 4395-4405; Callis et al. (1987) Genes Dev 1:1183-1200). Such intron enhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed near the 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use of the maize introns Adh1-S intron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. For general information see: The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994).

Where appropriate, nucleic acid sequences may be optimized for increased expression in a transformed plant. For example, coding sequences that comprise plant-preferred codons for improved expression in a plant can be provided. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri (1990) Plant Physiol., 92: 1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods also are known in the art for preparing plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Consequently, wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acids of the invention are provided in expression cassettes for expression in the plant of interest. The cassette will include regulatory sequences operably linked to a mutated TriA nucleic acid sequence of the invention. The term “regulatory element” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide that is capable of regulating the transcription of an operably linked polynucleotide. It includes, but not limited to, promoters, enhancers, introns, 5′ UTRs, and 3′ UTRs. By “operably linked” is intended a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes.

Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acid sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes. The expression cassette of the present invention will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region (i.e., a promoter), a wildtype/mutated TriA encoding nucleic acid sequence of the invention, and a transcriptional and translational termination region (i.e., termination region) functional in plants. The promoter may be native or analogous, or foreign or heterologous, to the plant host and/or to the wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Additionally, the promoter may be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. Where the promoter is “foreign” or “heterologous” to the plant host, it is intended that the promoter is not found in the native plant into which the promoter is introduced.

Where the promoter is “foreign” or “heterologous” to the wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acid sequence of the invention, it is intended that the promoter is not the native or naturally occurring promoter for the operably linked wildtype/mutatedTriA nucleic acid sequence of the invention. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence. While it may be preferable to express the wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acids of the invention using heterologous promoters, the native promoter sequences may be used. Such constructs would change expression levels of the wildtype/mutated TriA protein in the plant or plant cell. Thus, the phenotype of the plant or plant cell is altered.

The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked wildtype/mutated TriA sequence of interest, may be native with the plant host, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, the wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acid sequence of interest, the plant host, or any combination thereof). Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262: 141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5: 141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91: 151-158; Ballast al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627-9639. Where appropriate, the gene(s) may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the genes can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gown (1990) Plant Physiol. 92: 1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Thus, the present invention provides an expression cassette comprising a mutated TriA nucleic acid nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention and a promoter operable in plant cells.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is a root-specific or root-enhanced promoter.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the promoter is a a root-specific or root-enhanced promoter from Glycine max. (e.g. p-Glyma04g34080, see Examples 8 and 9)

Even more preferably, the promoter comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.

While the polynucleotides of the invention may find use as selectable marker genes for plant transformation, the expression cassettes of the invention can include another selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes, including those of the present invention, are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). See generally, Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506-511; Christophers on et al (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 89:6314-6318; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63-72; Reznikoff (1992) Mol Microbiol 6:2419-2422; Barkley et al (1980) in The Operon, pp. 177-220; Hu et al (1987) Cell 48:555-566; Brown et al (1987) Cell 49:603-612; Figge et al (1988) Cell 52:713-722; Deuschle et al (1989) Proc. Natl Acad. AcL USA 86:5400-5404; Fuerst et al (1989) Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA 86:2549-2553; Deuschle et al (1990) Science 248:480-483; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines et al (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA 90: 1917-1921; Labow et al (1990) Mol Cell Biol 10:3343-3356; Zambretti et al (1992) Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA 89:3952-3956; Bairn et al (1991) Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA 88:5072-5076; Wyborski et al (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4647-4653; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics Mol Struc. Biol 10: 143-162; Degenkolb et al (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 1591-1595; Kleinschnidt et al (1988) Biochemistry 27: 1094-1104; Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen et al (1992) Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA 89:5547-5551; Oliva et al (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913-919; Hlavka et al (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill et al (1988) Nature 334:721-724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference. The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting. Any selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention.

Further, additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. Also, if desired, sequences can be readily modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures. Nucleotide sequences for enhancing gene expression can also be used in the plant expression vectors. These include, for example, introns of the maize Adh gene Adh1-S intron 1, 2, and 6 (Callis et al. Genes and Development 1: 1183-1200, 1987), and leader sequences, (W-sequence) from the Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV), Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (Gallie et al. Nucleic Acid Res. 15:8693-8711, 1987 and Skuzeski et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 15:65-79, 1990). The first intron from the shrunken-1 locus of maize has been shown to increase expression of genes in chimeric gene constructs. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,424,412 and 5,593,874 disclose the use of specific introns in gene expression constructs, and Gallie et al. (Plant Physiol. 106:929-939, 1994) also have shown that introns are useful for regulating gene expression on a tissue specific basis. To further enhance or to optimize gene expression, the plant expression vectors of the invention also may contain DNA sequences containing matrix attachment regions (MARs). Plant cells transformed with such modified expression systems, then, may exhibit overexpression or constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence of the invention.

The invention further provides an isolated recombinant expression vector comprising the expression cassette containing a wildtype/mutated TriA nucleic acid nucleic acid as described above, wherein expression of the vector in a host cell results in increased tolerance to a herbicide as compared to a wild type variety of the host cell. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors.” In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Regulatory sequences include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cells and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells or under certain conditions. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of polypeptide desired, etc. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce polypeptides or peptides, including fusion polypeptides or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., mutated TriA polypeptides, fusion polypeptides, etc.) Expression vectors may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences in the expression construct. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyo carditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) PNAS, 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie et al. (1995) Gene 165(2):233-238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Virology 154:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968.

Other methods known to enhance translation also can be utilized, for example, introns, and the like. In preparing an expression vector, the various nucleic acid fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the nucleic acid sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the nucleic acid fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous nucleic acid, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. The nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, tissue-preferred, or other promoters for expression in plants.

Constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611.

Tissue-preferred promoters can be utilized to target enhanced expression within a particular plant tissue. Such tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, leaf-preferred promoters, root-preferred promoters, seed-preferred promoters, and stem-preferred promoters. Some examples of tissue-preferred promoters are described by, e.g., Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255-265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38(7):792-803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen Genet. 254(3):337-343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2): 157-168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 1 12(3): 1331-1341; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):525-535; Canevascini et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 1 12(2):513-524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:181-196; Orozco of al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol. 23(6): 1 129-1138; Matsuoka et al. (1993) Voc Natl. Acad. ScL USA 90(20):9586-9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993) Plant J 4(3):495-505. Promoters can be modified, if necessary, for weak expression.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is a root-specific or root-enhanced promoter.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the promoter comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acids of interest can be targeted to the chloroplast for expression. In this manner, where the nucleic acid of interest is not directly inserted into the chloroplast, the expression vector will additionally contain a chloroplast-targeting sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a chloroplast transit peptide to direct the gene product of interest to the chloroplasts. Such transit peptides are known in the art. With respect to chloroplast-targeting sequences, “operably linked” means that the nucleic acid sequence encoding a transit peptide (i.e., the chloroplast-targeting sequence) is linked to the desired coding sequence of the invention such that the two sequences are contiguous and in the same reading frame. See, for example, Von Heijne et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9: 104-126; Clark et al. (1989) J Biol. Chem. 264:17544-17550; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968; Romer et al. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196: 1414-1421; and Shah et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481. For example, a chloroplast transit peptide known in the art can be fused to the amino acid sequence of a TriA polypeptide of the invention by operably linking a chloroplast-targeting sequence to the 5′-end of a nucleotide sequence encoding the TriA polypeptide.

Chloroplast targeting sequences are known in the art and include the chloroplast small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) (de Castro Silva Filho et al. (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 30:769-780; Schnell et al. (1991) J Biol. Chem. 266(5):3335-3342); EPSPS (Archer et al. (1990) J Bioenerg. Biomemb. 22(6):789-810); tryptophan synthase (Zhao et al. (1995) J Biol. Chem. 270(11):6081-6087); plastocyanin (Lawrence et al. (1997) J Biol. Chem. 272(33):20357-20363); chorismate synthase (Schmidt et al. (1993) J Biol. Chem. 268(36):27447-27457); and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHBP) (Lamppa et al. (1988) J Biol. Chem. 263: 14996-14999). See also Von Heijne et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9: 104-126; Clark et al. (1989) J Biol. Chem. 264: 17544-17550; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968; Romer et al. (1993) Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 196: 1414-1421; and Shah et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481.

Methods for transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 87:8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:913-917; Svab and Maliga (1993) EMBO J. 12:601-606. The method relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7301-7305.

The nucleic acids of interest to be targeted to the chloroplast may be optimized for expression in the chloroplast to account for differences in codon usage between the plant nucleus and this organelle. In this manner, the nucleic acids of interest may be synthesized using chloroplast-preferred codons. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,831, herein incorporated by reference.

Numerous plant transformation vectors and methods for transforming plants are available. See, for example, An, G. et al. (1986) Plant PysioL, 81:301-305; Fry, J., et al. (1987) Plant Cell Rep. 6:321-325; Block, M. (1988) Theor. Appl. Genet 0.16: 161-1 1 A; Hinchee, et al. (1990) Stadler. Genet. Symp. 2032\2.203-2\2; Cousins, et al. (1991) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 18:481-494; Chee, P. P. and Slightom, J. L. (1992) Gene.l 18:255-260; Christou, et al. (1992) Trends. Biotechnol. 10:239-246; Halluin, et al. (1992) Bio/Technol. 10:309-314; Dhir, et al. (1992) Plant Physiol. 99:81-88; Casas et al. (1993) Proc. Nat. Acad Sd. USA 90: 1 1212-1 1216; Christou, P. (1993) In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant; 29P. 119-124; Davies, et al. (1993) Plant Cell Rep. 12: 180-183; Dong, J. A. and Mchughen, A. (1993) Plant ScL 91: 139-148; Franklin, C. I. and Trieu, T. N. (1993) Plant. Physiol. 102: 167; Golovkin, et al. (1993) Plant ScL 90:41-52; Guo Chin ScL Bull. 38:2072-2078; Asano, et al. (1994) Plant Cell Rep. 13; Ayeres N. M. and Park, W. D. (1994) Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 13:219-239; Barcelo, et al. (1994) Plant. J. 5:583-592; Becker, et al. (1994) Plant. J. 5:299-307; Borkowska et al. (1994) Acta. Physiol Plant. 16:225-230; Christou, P. (1994) Agro. Food. Ind. Hi Tech. 5: 17-27; Eapen et al. (1994) Plant Cell Rep. 13:582-586; Hartman, et al. (1994) Bio-Technology 12: 919923; Ritala, et al. (1994) Plant. Mol. Biol. 24:317-325; and Wan, Y. C. and Lemaux, P. G. (1994) Plant Physiol. 104:3748.

In some embodiments, the methods of the invention involve introducing a polynucleotide construct into a plant. By “introducing” is intended presenting to the plant the polynucleotide construct in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of a cell of the plant. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing a polynucleotide construct to a plant, only that the polynucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant. Methods for introducing polynucleotide constructs into plants are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods. The term “introduction” or “transformation” as referred to herein further means the transfer of an exogenous polynucleotide into a host cell, irrespective of the method used for transfer. Plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a genetic construct of the present invention and a whole plant regenerated there from. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristem, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem). The polynucleotide may be transiently or stably introduced into a host cell and may be maintained non-integrated, for example, as a plasmid. Alternatively, it may be integrated into the host genome. The resulting transformed plant cell may then be used to regenerate a transformed plant in a manner known to persons skilled in the art.

By “stable transformation” is intended that the polynucleotide construct introduced into a plant integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by descendent thereof. By “transient transformation” is intended that a polynucleotide construct introduced into a plant does not integrate into the genome of the plant.

For the transformation of plants and plant cells, the nucleotide sequences of the invention are inserted using standard techniques into any vector known in the art that is suitable for expression of the nucleotide sequences in a plant or plant cell. The selection of the vector depends on the preferred transformation technique and the target plant species to be transformed. In an embodiment of the invention, the encoding nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a plant promoter, e.g. a promoter known in the art for high-level expression in a plant cell, and this construct is then introduced into a plant cell that is susceptible to herbicides; and a transformed plant is regenerated. In some embodiments, the transformed plant is tolerant to exposure to a level of herbicides that would kill or significantly injure a plant regenerated from an untransformed cell. This method can be applied to any plant species or crops.

Methodologies for constructing plant expression vectors and introducing foreign nucleic acids into plants are generally known in the art. For example, foreign DNA can be introduced into plants, using tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid vectors. Other methods utilized for foreign DNA delivery involve the use of PEG mediated protoplast transformation, electroporation, microinjection whiskers, and biolistics or microprojectile bombardment for direct DNA uptake. Such methods are known in the art. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,765 to Vasil et al.; Bilang eta (1991) Gene 100: 247-250; Scheid et al. al, (1991) MoL Gen. Genet., 228: 104-1 12; Guerche et al., (1987) Plant Science 52: 1 1 1-1 16; Neuhause et al., (1987) Theor. Appl Genet. 75: 30-36; Klein et al., (1987) Nature 327: 70-73; Howell et al., (1980) Science 208: 1265; Horsch et al., (1985) Science 227: 1229-1231; DeBlock et al., (1989) Plant Physiology 91: 694-701; Methods for Plant Molecular Biology (Weissbach and Weissbach, eds.) Academic Press, Inc. (1988) and Methods in Plant Molecular Biology (Schuler and Zielinski, eds.) Academic Press, Inc. (1989).

Other suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells include microinjection as described by, e.g., Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334, electroporation as described by e.g., Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 83:5602-5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as described by e.g., Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055, Zhao et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840, direct gene transfer as described by, e.g., Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722, and ballistic particle acceleration as described by, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050; 5,879,918; 5,886,244; and 5,932,782; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926); and Led transformation (WO 00/28058). Also see, Weissinger et al., (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al, (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al, (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al., (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P: 175-182 (soybean); Singh et al, (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al., (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al., (1988) PNAS, 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al., (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,240,855; 5,322,783; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,646; Tomes et al., (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al., (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al., (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al., (1984) Nature (London) 31 1:763-764; Bowen et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier et al, (1987) PNAS 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al., (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al, (Longman, N.Y.), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al., (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al., (1992) Theor. Apph Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al., (1992) Plant Cell 4: 1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al., (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al, (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Transgenic plants, including transgenic crop plants, are preferably produced via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. An advantageous transformation method is the transformation in planta. To this end, it is possible, for example, to allow the agrobacteria to act on plant seeds or to inoculate the plant meristem with agrobacteria. It has proved particularly expedient in accordance with the invention to allow a suspension of transformed agrobacteria to act on the intact plant or at least on the flower primordia. The plant is subsequently grown on until the seeds of the treated plant are obtained (Clough and Bent, Plant J. (1998) 16, 735-743). Methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice include well known methods for rice transformation, such as those described in any of the following: European patent application EP 1198985 A1, Aldemita and Hodges (Planta 199: 612-617, 1996); Chan et al. (Plant Mol Biol 22 (3): 491-506, 1993), Hiei et al. (Plant J 6 (2): 271-282, 1994), which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. In the case of corn transformation, the preferred method is as described in either Ishida et al. (Nat. Biotechnol 14(6): 745-50, 1996) or Frame et al. (Plant Physiol 129(1): 13-22, 2002), which disclosures are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. Said methods are further described by way of example in B. Jenes et al., Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, eds. S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press (1993) 128-143 and in Potrykus Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 42 (1991) 205-225). The nucleic acids or the construct to be expressed is preferably cloned into a vector, which is suitable for transforming Agrobacterium tumefaciens, for example pBin19 (Bevan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 8711). Agrobacteria transformed by such a vector can then be used in known manner for the transformation of plants, such as plants used as a model, like Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana is within the scope of the present invention not considered as a crop plant), or crop plants such as, by way of example, tobacco plants, for example by immersing bruised leaves or chopped leaves in an agrobacterial solution and then culturing them in suitable media. The transformation of plants by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described, for example, by Hofgen and Willmitzer in Nucl. Acid Res. (1988) 16, 9877 or is known inter alia from F. F. White, Vectors for Gene Transfer in Higher Plants; in Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, eds. S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press, 1993, pp. 15-38.

One transformation method known to those of skill in the art is the dipping of a flowering plant into an Agrobacteria solution, wherein the Agrobacteria contains the TriA nucleic acid, followed by breeding of the transformed gametes. Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation can be performed using for example the GV3101(pMP90) (Koncz and Schell, 1986, Mol. Gen. Genet. 204:383-396) or LBA4404 (Clontech) Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain. Transformation can be performed by standard transformation and regeneration techniques (Deblaere et al., 1994, Nucl. Acids. Res. 13:4777-4788; Gelvin, Stanton B. and Schilperoort, Robert A, Plant Molecular Biology Manual, 2nd Ed.—Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ., 1995.—in Sect., Ringbuc Zentrale Signatur: BT11-P ISBN 0-7923-2731-4; Glick, Bernard R. and Thompson, John E., Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993 360 S., ISBN 0-8493-5164-2). For example, rapeseed can be transformed via cotyledon or hypocotyl transformation (Moloney et al., 1989, Plant Cell Report 8:238-242; De Block et al., 1989, Plant Physiol. 91:694-701). Use of antibiotics for Agrobacterium and plant selection depends on the binary vector and the Agrobacterium strain used for transformation. Rapeseed selection is normally performed using kanamycin as selectable plant marker. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer to flax can be performed using, for example, a technique described by Mlynarova et al., 1994, Plant Cell Report 13:282-285. Additionally, transformation of soybean can be performed using for example a technique described in European Patent No. 0424 047, U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783, European Patent No. 0397 687, U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,543, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,770. Transformation of maize can be achieved by particle bombardment, polyethylene glycol mediated DNA uptake, or via the silicon carbide fiber technique. (See, for example, Freeling and Walbot “The maize handbook” Springer Verlag: New York (1993) ISBN 3-540-97826-7). A specific example of maize transformation is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,387, and a specific example of wheat transformation can be found in PCT Application No. WO 93/07256.

In some embodiments, polynucleotides of the present invention may be introduced into plants by contacting plants with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a polynucleotide construct of the invention within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that the polypeptides of the invention may be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later may be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant polypeptide. Further, it is recognized that promoters of the invention also encompass promoters utilized for transcription by viral RNA polymerases. Methods for introducing polynucleotide constructs into plants and expressing a protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367 and 5,316,931; herein incorporated by reference. The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et a (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.

The present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plant species of interest include, but are not limited to, corn or maize (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annu), saffiower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum, T. Turgidum ssp. durum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solarium tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassava (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers. Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, sunflower, Brassica sp., cotton, sugar, beet, soybean, peanut, alfalfa, safflower, tobacco, corn, rice, wheat, rye, barley triticale, sorghum, millet, etc.).

In addition to the transformation of somatic cells, which then have to be regenerated into intact plants, it is also possible to transform the cells of plant meristems and in particular those cells which develop into gametes. In this case, the transformed gametes follow the natural plant development, giving rise to transgenic plants. Thus, for example, seeds of Arabidopsis are treated with agrobacteria and seeds are obtained from the developing plants of which a certain proportion is transformed and thus transgenic [Feldman, K A and Marks M D (1987). Mol Gen Genet 208:274-289; Feldmann K (1992). In: C Koncz, N-H Chua and J Shell, eds, Methods in Arabidopsis Research. Word Scientific, Singapore, pp. 274-289]. Alternative methods are based on the repeated removal of the inflorescences and incubation of the excision site in the center of the rosette with transformed agrobacteria, whereby transformed seeds can likewise be obtained at a later point in time (Chang (1994). Plant J. 5: 551-558; Katavic (1994). Mol Gen Genet, 245: 363-370). However, an especially effective method is the vacuum infiltration method with its modifications such as the “floral dip” method. In the case of vacuum infiltration of Arabidopsis, intact plants under reduced pressure are treated with an agrobacterial suspension [Bechthold, N (1993). C R Aced Sci Paris Life Sci, 316: 1194-1199], while in the case of the “floral dip” method the developing floral tissue is incubated briefly with a surfactant-treated agrobacterial suspension [Clough, S J and Bent A F (1998) The Plant J. 16, 735-743]. A certain proportion of transgenic seeds are harvested in both cases, and these seeds can be distinguished from non-transgenic seeds by growing under the above-described selective conditions. In addition the stable transformation of plastids is of advantages because plastids are inherited maternally is most crops reducing or eliminating the risk of transgene flow through pollen. The transformation of the chloroplast genome is generally achieved by a process which has been schematically displayed in Klaus et al., 2004 [Nature Biotechnology 22 (2), 225-229]. Briefly the sequences to be transformed are cloned together with a selectable marker gene between flanking sequences homologous to the chloroplast genome. These homologous flanking sequences direct site specific integration into the plastome. Plastidal transformation has been described for many different plant species and an overview is given in Bock (2001) Transgenic plastids in basic research and plant biotechnology. J Mol Biol. 2001 Sep. 21; 312 (3):425-38 or Maliga, P (2003) Progress towards commercialization of plastid transformation technology. Trends Biotechnol. 21, 20-28. Further biotechnological progress has recently been reported in form of marker free plastid transformants, which can be produced by a transient co-integrated maker gene (Klaus et al., 2004, Nature Biotechnology 22(2), 225-229). The genetically modified plant cells can be regenerated via all methods with which the skilled worker is familiar. Suitable methods can be found in the abovementioned publications by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Potrykus or Hofgen and Willmitzer.

Generally after transformation, plant cells or cell groupings are selected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded by plant-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest, following which the transformed material is regenerated into a whole plant. To select transformed plants, the plant material obtained in the transformation is, as a rule, subjected to selective conditions so that transformed plants can be distinguished from untransformed plants. For example, the seeds obtained in the above-described manner can be planted and, after an initial growing period, subjected to a suitable selection by spraying. A further possibility consists in growing the seeds, if appropriate after sterilization, on agar plates using a suitable selection agent so that only the transformed seeds can grow into plants. Alternatively, the transformed plants are screened for the presence of a selectable marker such as the ones described above.

Following DNA transfer and regeneration, putatively transformed plants may also be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for the presence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomic organisation. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of the newly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Western analysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art.

The generated transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, a first generation (or T1) transformed plant may be selfed and homozygous second-generation (or T2) transformants selected, and the T2 plants may then further be propagated through classical breeding techniques. The generated transformed organisms may take a variety of forms. For example, they may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the expression cassette); grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., in plants, a transformed rootstock grafted to an untransformed scion).

Preferably, the expression of the nucleic acid in the plant results in the plant's increased resistance to herbicide as compared to a wild type variety of the plant.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a plant, comprising a plant cell according to the present invention, wherein expression of the nucleic acid in the plant results in the plant's increased resistance to herbicide as compared to a wild type variety of the plant.

The plants described herein can be either transgenic crop plants or non-transgenic plants.

In addition to the general definition, give SUPRA, “transgenic”, “transgene” or “recombinant” means with regard to, for example, a nucleic acid sequence, an expression cassette, gene construct or a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence or an organism transformed with the nucleic acid sequences, expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention, all those constructions brought about by recombinant methods in which either

-   (a) the nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins useful in the     methods of the invention, or -   (b) genetic control sequence(s) which is operably linked with the     nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, for example a     promoter, or -   (c) a) and b)

are not located in their natural genetic environment or have been modified by recombinant methods, it being possible for the modification to take the form of, for example, a substitution, addition, deletion, inversion or insertion of one or more nucleotide residues in order to allow for the expression of the mutated TriA of the present invention. The natural genetic environment is understood as meaning the natural genomic or chromosomal locus in the original plant or the presence in a genomic library. In the case of a genomic library, the natural genetic environment of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably retained, at least in part. The environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least on one side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp, preferably at least 500 bp, especially preferably at least 1000 bp, most preferably at least 5000 bp. A naturally occurring expression cassette—for example the naturally occurring combination of the natural promoter of the nucleic acid sequences with the corresponding nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide useful in the methods of the present invention, as defined above—becomes a transgenic expression cassette when this expression cassette is modified by non-natural, synthetic (“artificial”) methods such as, for example, mutagenic treatment. Suitable methods are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350 or WO 00/15815.

A transgenic plant for the purposes of the invention is thus understood as meaning, as above, that the nucleic acids of the invention are not at their natural locus in the genome of said plant, it being possible for the nucleic acids to be expressed homologously or heterologously. However, as mentioned, transgenic also means that, while the nucleic acids according to the invention or used in the inventive method are at their natural position in the genome of a plant, the sequence has been modified with regard to the natural sequence, and/or that the regulatory sequences of the natural sequences have been modified. Transgenic is preferably understood as meaning the expression of the nucleic acids according to the invention at an unnatural locus in the genome, i.e. homologous or, preferably, heterologous expression of the nucleic acids takes place. Preferred transgenic plants are mentioned herein. Furthermore, the term “transgenic” refers to any plant, plant cell, callus, plant tissue, or plant part, that contains all or part of at least one recombinant polynucleotide. In many cases, all or part of the recombinant polynucleotide is stably integrated into a chromosome or stable extra-chromosomal element, so that it is passed on to successive generations. For the purposes of the invention, the term “recombinant polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide that has been altered, rearranged, or modified by genetic engineering. Examples include any cloned polynucleotide, or polynucleotides, that are linked or joined to heterologous sequences. The term “recombinant” does not refer to alterations of polynucleotides that result from naturally occurring events, such as spontaneous mutations, or from non-spontaneous mutagenesis followed by selective breeding.

“Alleles” or “allelic variants” are alternative forms of a given gene, located at the same chromosomal position. Allelic variants encompass Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as Small Insertion/Deletion Polymorphisms (INDELs). The size of INDELs is usually less than 100 bp. SNPs and INDELs form the largest set of sequence variants in naturally occurring polymorphic strains of most organisms

The term “variety” refers to a group of plants within a species defined by the sharing of a common set of characteristics or traits accepted by those skilled in the art as sufficient to distinguish one cultivar or variety from another cultivar or variety. There is no implication in either term that all plants of any given cultivar or variety will be genetically identical at either the whole gene or molecular level or that any given plant will be homozygous at all loci. A cultivar or variety is considered “true breeding” for a particular trait if, when the true-breeding cultivar or variety is self-pollinated, all of the progeny contain the trait. The terms “breeding line” or “line” refer to a group of plants within a cultivar defined by the sharing of a common set of characteristics or traits accepted by those skilled in the art as sufficient to distinguish one breeding line or line from another breeding line or line. There is no implication in either term that all plants of any given breeding line or line will be genetically identical at either the whole gene or molecular level or that any given plant will be homozygous at all loci. A breeding line or line is considered “true breeding” for a particular trait if, when the true-breeding line or breeding line is self-pollinated, all of the progeny contain the trait. In the present invention, the trait arises from a mutation in a TriA gene of the plant or seed.

The herbicide-resistant plants of the invention that comprise polynucleotides encoding mutated TriA polypeptides also find use in methods for increasing the herbicide-resistance of a plant through conventional plant breeding involving sexual reproduction. The methods comprise crossing a first plant that is a herbicide-resistant plant of the invention to a second plant that may or may not be resistant to the same herbicide or herbicides as the first plant or may be resistant to different herbicide or herbicides than the first plant. The second plant can be any plant that is capable of producing viable progeny plants (i.e., seeds) when crossed with the first plant. Typically, but not necessarily, the first and second plants are of the same species. The methods can optionally involve selecting for progeny plants that comprise the mutated TriA polypeptides of the first plant and the herbicide resistance characteristics of the second plant. The progeny plants produced by this method of the present invention have increased resistance to a herbicide when compared to either the first or second plant or both. When the first and second plants are resistant to different herbicides, the progeny plants will have the combined herbicide tolerance characteristics of the first and second plants. The methods of the invention can further involve one or more generations of backcrossing the progeny plants of the first cross to a plant of the same line or genotype as either the first or second plant. Alternatively, the progeny of the first cross or any subsequent cross can be crossed to a third plant that is of a different line or genotype than either the first or second plant.

The present invention also provides plants, plant organs, plant tissues, plant cells, seeds, and non-human host cells that are transformed with the at least one polynucleotide molecule, expression cassette, or transformation vector of the invention. Such transformed plants, plant organs, plant tissues, plant cells, seeds, and non-human host cells have enhanced tolerance or resistance to at least one herbicide, at levels of the herbicide that kill or inhibit the growth of an untransformed plant, plant tissue, plant cell, or non-human host cell, respectively. Preferably, the transformed plants, plant tissues, plant cells, and seeds of the invention are Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a seed produced by a transgenic plant comprising a plant cell of the present invention, wherein the seed is true breeding for an increased resistance to a herbicide as compared to a wild type variety of the seed.

In other aspects, herbicide-tolerant plants of the present invention can be employed as herbicide-tolerance trait donor lines for development, as by traditional plant breeding, to produce other varietal and/or hybrid crops containing such trait or traits. All such resulting variety or hybrids crops, containing the ancestral herbicide-tolerance trait or traits can be referred to herein as progeny or descendant of the ancestral, herbicide-tolerant line(s).

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-tolerant plant. The method comprises: crossing a first herbicide-tolerant plant with a second plant to produce a herbicide-tolerant progeny plant, wherein the first plant and the progeny plant comprise in at least some of their cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the recombinant polynucleotide being effective in the cells of the first plant to express a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

Traditional plant breeding might be employed whereby the herbicide-tolerant trait is introduced in the progeny plant resulting therefrom. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for producing a herbicide-tolerant progeny plant, the method comprising: crossing a parent plant with a herbicide-tolerant plant to introduce the herbicide-tolerance characteristics of the herbicide-tolerant plant into the germplasm of the progeny plant, wherein the progeny plant has increased tolerance to the herbicides relative to the parent plant. In other embodiments, the method further comprises the step of introgressing the herbicide-tolerance characteristics through traditional plant breeding techniques to obtain a descendent plant having the herbicide-tolerance characteristics.

In other aspects, plants of the invention include those plants which, in addition to being tolerant to herbicides inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis, have been subjected to further genetic modifications by breeding, mutagenesis or genetic engineering, e.g. have been rendered tolerant to applications of specific other classes of herbicides, such as AHAS inhibitors; auxinic herbicides; bleaching herbicides such as hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors or phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors; EPSPS inhibitors such as glyphosate; glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors such as glufosinate; lipid biosynthesis inhibitors such as acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors; or oxynil {i.e. bromoxynil or ioxynil) herbicides as a result of conventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering, Thus, herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention can be made resistant to multiple classes of herbicides through multiple genetic modifications, such as resistance to both glyphosate and glufosinate or to both glyphosate and a herbicide from another class such as HPPD inhibitors, AHAS inhibitors, or ACCase inhibitors. These herbicide resistance technologies are, for example, described in Pest Management Science (at volume, year, page): 61, 2005, 246; 61, 2005, 258; 61, 2005, 277; 61, 2005, 269; 61, 2005, 286; 64, 2008, 326; 64, 2008, 332; Weed Science 57, 2009, 108; Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 2007, 708; Science 316, 2007, 1185; and references quoted therein. For example, herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention, in some embodiments, may be tolerant to ACCase inhibitors, such as “dims” {e.g., cycloxydim, sethoxydim, clethodim, or tepraloxydim), “fops” {e.g., clodinafop, diclofop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, or quizalofop), and “dens” (such as pinoxaden); to auxinic herbicides, such as dicamba; to EPSPS inhibitors, such as glyphosate; to other cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors; and to GS inhibitors, such as glufosinate.

In addition to these classes of inhibitors, herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention may also be tolerant to herbicides having other modes of action, for example, chlorophyll/carotenoid pigment inhibitors, cell membrane disrupters, photosynthesis inhibitors, cell division inhibitors, root inhibitors, shoot inhibitors, and combinations thereof.

Such tolerance traits may be expressed, e.g.: as mutant or wildtype HPPD proteins, as mutant or wildtype PPO proteins, as mutant AHASL proteins, mutant ACCase proteins, mutant EPSPS proteins, or mutant glutamine synthetase proteins; or as mutant native, inbred, or transgenic aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD or DHT), haloarylnitrilase (BXN), 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase (DEH), glyphosate-N-acetyltransferase (GAT), glyphosate decarboxylase (GDC), glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT or bar), or CYP450s proteins having an herbicide-degrading activity. Herbicide-tolerant plants hereof can also be stacked with other traits including, but not limited to, pesticidal traits such as Bt Cry and other proteins having pesticidal activity toward coleopteran, lepidopteran, nematode, or other pests; nutrition or nutraceutical traits such as modified oil content or oil profile traits, high protein or high amino acid concentration traits, and other trait types known in the art.

Furthermore, in other embodiments, herbicide-tolerant plants are also covered which are, by the use of recombinant DNA techniques and/or by breeding and/or otherwise selected for such characteristics, rendered able to synthesize one or more insecticidal proteins, especially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularly from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as [delta]-endotoxins, e.g. CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIF, CryIF(a2), CryIIA(b), CryIIIA, CryIIIB(bI) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e.g. VIP1, VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, e.g. Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp.; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins, or other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such streptomycete toxins; plant lectins, such as pea or barley lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin or papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3-hydroxy-steroid oxidase, ecdysteroid-IDP-glycosyl-transferase, cholesterol oxidases, ecdysone inhibitors or HMG-CoA-reductase; ion channel blockers, such as blockers of sodium or calcium channels; juvenile hormone esterase; diuretic hormone receptors (helicokinin receptors); stilben synthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases or glucanases. In the context of the present invention these insecticidal proteins or toxins are to be understood expressly also as pre-toxins, hybrid proteins, truncated or otherwise modified proteins. Hybrid proteins are characterized by a new combination of protein domains, (see, e.g. WO 02/015701). Further examples of such toxins or genetically modified plants capable of synthesizing such toxins are disclosed, e.g., in EP-A 374 753, WO 93/007278, WO 95/34656, EP-A 427 529, EP-A 451 878, WO 03/18810 and WO 03/52073. The methods for producing such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, e.g. in the publications mentioned above. These insecticidal proteins contained in the genetically modified plants impart to the plants producing these proteins tolerance to harmful pests from all taxonomic groups of arthropods, especially to beetles (Coeloptera), two-winged insects (Diptera), and moths (Lepidoptera) and to nematodes (Nematoda).

In some embodiments, expression of one or more protein toxins (e.g., insecticidal proteins) in the herbicide-tolerant plants is effective for controlling organisms that include, for example, members of the classes and orders: Coleoptera such as the American bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus; the leaf beetle Agelastica alni; click beetles (Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus, Agriotes bicolor); the grain beetle Ahasverus advena; the summer schafer Amphimallon solstitialis; the furniture beetle Anobium punctatum; Anthonomus spp. (weevils); the Pygmy mangold beetle Atomaria linearis; carpet beetles (Anthrenus spp., Attagenus spp.); the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculates; the fried fruit beetle Carpophilus hemipterus; the cabbage seedpod weevil Ceutorhynchus assimilis; the rape winter stem weevil Ceutorhynchus picitarsis; the wireworms Conoderus vespertinus and Conoderus falli; the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus; the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica; the June beetle Cotinis nitida; the sunflower stem weevil

Cylindrocopturus adspersus; the larder beetle Dermestes lardarius; the corn rootworms Diabrotica virgifera, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, and Diabrotica barberi; the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis; the old house borer Hylotropes bajulus; the lucerne weevil Hypera postica; the shiny spider beetle Gibbium psylloides; the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne; the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Lyctus beetles {Lyctus spp., the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus; the common cockshafer Melolontha melolontha; the American spider beetle Mezium americanum; the golden spider beetle Niptus hololeucs; the grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Oryzaephilus Mercator; the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus; the mustard beetle Phaedon cochleariae, the crucifer flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae; the striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata; the cabbage steam flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala; Ptinus spp. (spider beetles); the lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica; the pea and been weevil Sitona lineatus; the rice and granary beetles Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granaries; the red sunflower seed weevil Smicronyx fulvus; the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum; the yellow mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor, the flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum; warehouse and cabinet beetles {Trogoderma spp.); the sunflower beetle Zygogramma exclamationis; Dermaptera (earwigs) such as the European earwig Forficula auricularia and the striped earwig Labidura riparia; Dictyoptera such as the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis; the greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis; the beet fly Pegomyia betae; the frit fly Oscinella frit; fruitflies (Dacus spp., Drosophila spp.); Isoptera (termites) including species from the familes Hodotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Mastotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae, Termitidae, Termopsidae; the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris; the black bean aphid Aphis fabae; the cotton or melon aphid Aphis gossypii; the green apple aphid Aphis pomi; the citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus; the sweet potato whitefly Bemesia tabaci; the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae; the pear psylla Cacopsylla pyricola; the currant aphid Cryptomyzus ribis; the grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae; the citrus psylla Diaphorina citri; the potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae; the bean leafhopper Empoasca Solana; the vine leafhopper Empoasca vitis; the woolly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum; the European fruit scale Eulecanium corni; the mealy plum aphid Hyalopterus arundinis; the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus; the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae; the green peach aphid Myzus persicae; the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cinticeps; the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens; the hop aphid Phorodon humuli; the bird-cherry aphid Rhopalosiphum padi; the grain aphid Sitobion avenae; Lepidoptera such as Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix moth); Archips podana (fruit tree tortrix moth); Bucculatrix pyrivorella (pear leafminer); Bucculatrix thurberiella (cotton leaf perforator); Bupalus piniarius (pine looper); Carpocapsa pomonella (codling moth); Chilo suppressalis (striped rice borer); Choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm); Cochylis hospes (banded sunflower moth); Diatraea grandiosella (southwestern corn borer); Eupoecilia ambiguella (European grape berry moth); Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm); Helicoverpa zea (cotton bollworm); Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm), Homeosoma electellum (sunflower moth); Homona magnanima (oriental tea tree tortrix moth); Lithocolletis blancardella (spotted tentiform leafminer); Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth); Malacosoma neustria (tent caterpillar); Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm); Mamestra configurata (Bertha armyworm); Operophtera brumata (winter moth); Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer), Panolis flammea (pine beauty moth), Phyllocnistis citrella (citrus leafminer); Pieris brassicae (cabbage white butterfly); Rachiplusia ni (soybean looper); Spodoptera exigua (beet armywonn); Spodoptera littoralis (cotton leafworm); Sylepta derogata (cotton leaf roller); Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper); Orthoptera such as the common cricket Acheta domesticus, tree locusts (Anacridium spp.), the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, the twostriped grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus, the differential grasshopper Melanoplus differ entialis, the redlegged grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum, the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes, the northern mole cricket Neocurtilla hexadectyla, the red locust Nomadacris septemfasciata, the shortwinged mole cricket Scapteriscus abbreviatus, the southern mole cricket Scapteriscus borellii, the tawny mole cricket Scapteriscus vicinus, and the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria; Symphyla such as the garden symphylan Scutigerella immaculate; Thysanoptera such as the tobacco thrips Frankliniella fusca, the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa, the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalism the cotton bud thrips Frankliniella schultzei, the banded greenhouse thrips Hercinothrips femoralis, the soybean thrips Neohydatothrips variabilis, Kelly's citrus thrips Pezothrips kellyanus, the avocado thrips Scirtothrips perseae, the melon thrips Thrips palmi, and the onion thrips Thrips tabaci; and the like, and combinations comprising one or more of the foregoing organisms.

In some embodiments, expression of one or more protein toxins (e.g., insecticidal proteins) in the herbicide-tolerant plants is effective for controlling flea beetles, i.e. members of the flea beetle tribe of family Chrysomelidae, preferably against Phyllotreta spp., such as Phyllotreta cruciferae and/or Phyllotreta triolata. In other embodiments, expression of one or more protein toxins {e.g., insecticidal proteins) in the herbicide-tolerant plants is effective for controlling cabbage seedpod weevil, the Bertha armyworm, Lygus bugs, or the diamondback moth.

Furthermore, in one embodiment, herbicide-tolerant plants are also covered which are, e.g. by the use of recombinant DNA techniques and/or by breeding and/or otherwise selected for such traits, rendered able to synthesize one or more proteins to increase the resistance or tolerance of those plants to bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens. The methods for producing such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art.

Furthermore, in another embodiment, herbicide-tolerant plants are also covered which are, e.g. by the use of recombinant DNA techniques and/or by breeding and/or otherwise selected for such traits, rendered able to synthesize one or more proteins to increase the productivity (e.g. oil content), tolerance to drought, salinity or other growth-limiting environmental factors or tolerance to pests and fungal, bacterial or viral pathogens of those plants.

Furthermore, in other embodiments, herbicide-tolerant plants are also covered which are, e.g. by the use of recombinant DNA techniques and/or by breeding and/or otherwise selected for such traits, altered to contain a modified amount of one or more substances or new substances, for example, to improve human or animal nutrition, e.g. oil crops that produce health-promoting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or unsaturated omega-9 fatty acids (e.g. Nexera® rape, Dow Agro Sciences, Canada).

Furthermore, in some embodiments, herbicide-tolerant plants are also covered which are, e.g. by the use of recombinant DNA techniques and/or by breeding and/or otherwise selected for such traits, altered to contain increased amounts of vitamins and/or minerals, and/or improved profiles of nutraceutical compounds.

In one embodiment, herbicide-tolerant plants of the present invention, relative to a wild-type plant, comprise an increased amount of, or an improved profile of, a compound selected from the group consisting of: glucosinolates (e.g., glucoraphanin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl-glucosinolate), sulforaphane, 3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate(glucobrassicin), I-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate (neoglucobrassicin)); phenolics (e.g., flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol), hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives (e.g., 1,2,2′-trisinapoylgentiobiose, 1,2-diferuloylgentiobiose, I,2′-disinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose, 3-0-caffeoyl-quinic (neochlorogenic acid)); and vitamins and minerals (e.g., vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene, folic acid, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, selenium, and zinc).

In another embodiment, herbicide-tolerant plants of the present invention, relative to a wild-type plant, comprise an increased amount of, or an improved profile of, a compound selected from the group consisting of: progoitrin; isothiocyanates; indoles (products of glucosinolate hydrolysis); glutathione; carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, and the xanthophyll carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin; phenolics comprising the flavonoids such as the flavonols (e.g. quercetin, rutin), the flavans/tannins (such as the procyanidins comprising coumarin, proanthocyanidins, catechins, and anthocyanins); flavones; phytoestrogens such as coumestans, lignans, resveratrol, isoflavones e.g. genistein, daidzein, and glycitein; resorcyclic acid lactones; organosulphur compounds; phytosterols; terpenoids such as carnosol, rosmarinic acid, glycyrrhizin and saponins; chlorophyll; chlorphyllin, sugars, anthocyanins, and vanilla.

In other embodiments, herbicide-tolerant plants of the present invention, relative to a wild-type plant, comprise an increased amount of, or an improved profile of, a compound selected from the group consisting of: vincristine, vinblastine, taxanes (e.g., taxol (paclitaxel), baccatin III, 10-desacetylbaccatin III, 10-desacetyl taxol, xylosyl taxol, 7-epitaxol, 7-epibaccatin III, 10-desacetylcephalomannine, 7-epicephalomannine, taxotere, cephalomannine, xylosyl cephalomannine, taxagifine, 8-benxoyloxy taxagifine, 9-acetyloxy taxusin, 9-hydroxy taxusin, taiwanxam, taxane Ia, taxane Ib, taxane Ic, taxane Id, GMP paclitaxel, 9-dihydro 13-acetylbaccatin III, 10-desacetyl-7-epitaxol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), genistein, diadzein, codeine, morphine, quinine, shikonin, ajmalacine, serpentine, and the like.

In other aspects, a method for treating a plant of the present invention is provided.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the plant with an agronomically acceptable composition. In one embodiment, the agronomically acceptable composition comprises an auxinic herbicide A. I.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a descendent seed. The method comprises planting a seed of or capable of producing a plant of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method further comprises growing a descendent plant from the seed; and harvesting a descendant seed from the descendent plant. In other embodiments, the method further comprises applying a herbicides herbicidal composition to the descendent plant.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to harvestable parts of the transgenic plant according to the present invention. Preferably, the harvestable parts comprise the TriA nucleic acid or TriA protein of the present invention. The harvestable parts may be seeds, roots, leaves and/or flowers comprising the TriA nucleic acid or TriA protein or parts thereof. Preferred parts of soy plants are soy beans comprising the TriA nucleic acid or TriA protein.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to products derived from a transgenic plant according to the present invention, parts thereof or harvestable parts thereof. A preferred plant product is fodder, seed meal, oil, or seed-treatment-coated seeds. Preferably, the meal and/or oil comprise the TriA nucleic acids or TriA proteins.

In another embodiment, the invention refers to a method for the production of a product, which method comprises

-   a) growing the plants of the invention or obtainable by the methods     of invention and -   b) producing said product from or by the plants of the invention     and/or parts, e.g. seeds, of these plants.

In a further embodiment the method comprises the steps

-   a) growing the plants of the invention, -   b) removing the harvestable parts as defined above from the plants     and -   c) producing said product from or by the harvestable parts of the     invention.

The product may be produced at the site where the plant has been grown, the plants and/or parts thereof may be removed from the site where the plants have been grown to produce the product. Typically, the plant is grown, the desired harvestable parts are removed from the plant, if feasible in repeated cycles, and the product made from the harvestable parts of the plant. The step of growing the plant may be performed only once each time the methods of the invention is performed, while allowing repeated times the steps of product production e.g. by repeated removal of harvestable parts of the plants of the invention and if necessary further processing of these parts to arrive at the product. It is also possible that the step of growing the plants of the invention is repeated and plants or harvestable parts are stored until the production of the product is then performed once for the accumulated plants or plant parts. Also, the steps of growing the plants and producing the product may be performed with an overlap in time, even simultaneously to a large extend or sequentially. Generally the plants are grown for some time before the product is produced.

In one embodiment the products produced by said methods of the invention are plant products such as, but not limited to, a foodstuff, feedstuff, a food supplement, feed supplement, fiber, cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical. Foodstuffs are regarded as compositions used for nutrition and/or for supplementing nutrition. Animal feedstuffs and animal feed supplements, in particular, are regarded as foodstuffs.

In another embodiment the inventive methods for the production are used to make agricultural products such as, but not limited to, plant extracts, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, oils, polymers, vitamins, and the like.

It is possible that a plant product consists of one or more agricultural products to a large extent.

Herbicides

As decribed above, the present invention provides nucleic acids, polypeptides, conferring tolerance of plants to compounds/herbicides interfering or inhibiting cell wall (cellulose) biosynthesis.

Examples of herbicides which can be used according to the present invention, i.e. to which the plants according to the present invention are tolerant/resistant to, are compounds known to the skilled artisan as azines. Examples of Azines which are metabolized by the mutated TriA polypeptides of the present invention are described in detail in the following patent applications depicted in the following Table 2.

TABLE 2 Application number/ Internal reference; Structural Formula publication number

PCT/EP2014/065092 PF75365; WO2015/ 007711 Pages 2-7, line 21

EP 14162309.0 PF76068; WO2015/ 144881 Page 3, line 4-page 5, line 3

EP 14163356.0 PF76069; WO2015/ 150541

EP 14163742.1 PF76635; WO2015/ 155129

EP 14163743.9 PF76636; EP2930174

EP 14165565.4 PF76857; WO2015/ 162166

EP 14165624.9 PF76888; WO2015/ 162169

EP 14164431.0 PF76890; WO2015/ 155271

EP 14164434.4 PF76930; WO2015/ 155272

EP 14164433.6 PF77027; WO2015/ 155273

Examples of preferred herbicides which can be used according to the present invention are azines having the Formula (I).

wherein

-   A is phenyl, which is substituted by two to five substituents     selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-haloalkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl,     C₁-C₆-haloalkynyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio,     (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino,     (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,     (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl; -   R¹ H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl,     (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl or phenylsulfonyl, wherein the phenyl is     unsubstituted or substituted by one to five substituents selected     from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-haloalkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy; -   R² H, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,     C₃-C₆-alkynyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl, OH,     C₁-C₆-alkoxy or C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl; -   R³ H, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy; -   R⁴ H, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl; or -   R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached     form a moiety selected from the group consisting of carbonyl,     C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl and three- to     six-membered heterocyclyl,     -   wherein the C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl, or three- to         six-membered heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one         to three substituents selected from halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and         C₁-C₆-alkoxy; and -   R⁵ H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl,     (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl or phenylsulfonyl,     -   wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one to         five substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen,         CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         including their agriculturally acceptable salts or N-oxides.

Preferably the present invention provides azines of formula (I), wherein

-   -   A is 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by one to four         substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN,         NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,         C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl,         amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl and (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)-carbonyl;     -   R¹ H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl or phenylsulfonyl,         -   wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one to             five substituents selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl and             C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   R² H, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,         C₃-C₆-alkynyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl, OH,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy or C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl;     -   R³ H, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   R⁴ H, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl; or     -   R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom to which they are         attached form a moiety selected from the group consisting of         carbonyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl         and three- to six-membered heterocyclyl,         -   wherein the C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl or and             three- to six-membered heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or             substituted by one to three substituents selected from             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy; and     -   R⁵ H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl or phenylsulfonyl,         -   wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted by one to             five substituents selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-06-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl and             C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   including their agriculturally acceptable salts or N-oxides.

Useful for the present invention are also agrochemical compositions comprising at least one azines of formula (I) and auxiliaries customary for formulating crop protection agents.

The present invention also provides the use of azines of formula (I) as herbicides, i.e. for controlling harmful plants.

If the azines of formula (I) as described herein are capable of forming geometrical isomers, for example E/Z isomers, it is possible to use both, the pure isomers and mixtures thereof, in the compositions according to the invention.

If the azines of formula (I) as described herein have one or more centres of chirality and, as a consequence, are present as enantiomers or diastereomers, it is possible to use both, the pure enantiomers and diastereomers and their mixtures, in the compositions according to the invention.

If the azines of formula (I) as described herein have ionizable functional groups, they can also be employed in the form of their agriculturally acceptable salts. Suitable are, in general, the salts of those cations and the acid addition salts of those acids whose cations and anions, respectively, have no adverse effect on the activity of the active compounds.

Preferred cations are the ions of the alkali metals, preferably of lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably of calcium and magnesium, and of the transition metals, preferably of manganese, copper, zinc and iron, further ammonium and substituted ammonium in which one to four hydrogen atoms are replaced by C₁-C₄-alkyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄-alkoxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, preferably ammonium, methylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trimethylammonium, heptylammonium, dodecylammonium, tetradecylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium (olamine salt), 2-(2-hydroxyeth-1-oxy)eth-1-ylammonium (diglycolamine salt), di(2-hydroxyeth-1-yl)ammonium (diolamine salt), tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium (trolamine salt), tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, benzyltriethylammonium, N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium (choline salt), furthermore phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferably tri(C₁-C₄-alkyl)sulfonium, such as trimethylsulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(C₁-C₄-alkyl)sulfoxonium, and finally the salts of polybasic amines such as N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine and diethylenetriamine.

Anions of useful acid addition salts are primarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, hydrogensulfate, methylsulfate, sulfate, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogenphosphate, nitrate, bicarbonate, carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate and also the anions of C₁-C₄-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate.

The organic moieties mentioned in the definition of the variables, e.g. R¹ to R⁵, are—like the term halogen—collective terms for individual enumerations of the individual group members. The term halogen denotes in each case fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. All hydrocarbon chains, i.e. all alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, (alkyl)amino, di(alkyl)amino chains can be straight-chain or branched, the prefix C_(n)-C_(m) denoting in each case the possible number of carbon atoms in the group.

Examples of such meanings are:

-   -   C₁-C₄-alkyl: for example CH₃, C₂H₅, n-propyl, CH(CH₃)₂, n-butyl,         CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅, CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂ and C(CH₃)₃;     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl and also the C₁-C₆-alkyl moieties of         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl, C₁-C₆-alkyoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl: C₁-C₄-alkyl as         mentioned above, and also, for example, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl,         2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl,         n-hexyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl,         2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl,         1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl,         2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl,         1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl,         1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl or         1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,         1-methylethyl, n-butyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl;     -   C₁-C₄-haloalkyl: a C₁-C₄-alkyl radical as mentioned above which         is partially or fully substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine         and/or iodine, for example, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl,         trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl,         chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl,         bromomethyl, iodomethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl,         2-bromoethyl, 2-iodoethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl,         2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl,         2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl,         2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2-fluoropropyl,         3-fluoropropyl, 2,2-difluoropropyl, 2,3-difluoropropyl,         2-chloropropyl, 3-chloropropyl, 2,3-dichloropropyl,         2-bromopropyl, 3-bromopropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl,         3,3,3-trichloropropyl, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl,         heptafluoropropyl, 1-(fluoromethyl)-2-fluoroethyl,         1-(chloromethyl)-2-chloroethyl, 1-(bromomethyl)-2-bromoethyl,         4-fluorobutyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 4-bromobutyl, nonafluorobutyl,         1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoroethyl and         1-trifluoromethyl-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl;     -   C₁-C₆-haloalkyl: C₁-C₄-haloalkyl as mentioned above, and also,         for example, 5-fluoropentyl, 5-chloropentyl, 5-bromopentyl,         5-iodopentyl, undecafluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl, 6-chlorohexyl,         6-bromohexyl, 6-iodohexyl and dodecafluorohexyl;     -   C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl: monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons having 3 to         6 ring members, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and         cyclohexyl;     -   C₂-C₆-alkenyl: for example ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl,         1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl,         1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl,         2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl,         4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl,         3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl,         3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl,         3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl,         1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl,         1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl,         3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl,         2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl,         1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl,         4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl,         3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl,         2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl,         1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl,         1,2-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl,         1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl,         1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl,         2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl,         2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl,         3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl,         1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl,         2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl,         1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl,         1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl;     -   C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl: 1-cyclopropenyl, 2-cyclopropenyl,         1-cyclobutenyl, 2-cyclobutenyl, 1-cyclopentenyl,         2-cyclopentenyl, 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, 1,4-cyclopentadienyl,         2,4-cyclopentadienyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl,         3-cyclohexenyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl,         2,5-cyclohexadienyl;     -   C₃-C₆-alkynyl: for example 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl,         2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1-pentynyl,         2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl,         1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl,         1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl,         2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl,         1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl,         2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl,         4-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl,         1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl,         1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl,         3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl,         2-ethyl-3-butynyl and 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl;     -   C₁-C₄-alkoxy: for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,         1-methylethoxy butoxy, 1-methylpropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy and         1,1-dimethylethoxy;     -   C₁-C₆-alkoxy and also the C₁-C₆-alkoxy moieties of         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl: C₁-C₄-alkoxy         as mentioned above, and also, for example, pentoxy,         1-methylbutoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, 3-methoxylbutoxy,         1,1-dimethylpropoxy, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy, 2,2-dimethylpropoxy,         1-ethylpropoxy, hexoxy, 1-methylpentoxy, 2-methylpentoxy,         3-methylpentoxy, 4-methylpentoxy, 1,1-dimethylbutoxy,         1,2-dimethylbutoxy, 1,3-dimethylbutoxy, 2,2-dimethylbutoxy,         2,3-dimethylbutoxy, 3,3-dimethylbutoxy, 1-ethylbutoxy,         2-ethylbutoxy, 1,1,2-trimethylpropoxy, 1,2,2-trimethylpropoxy,         1-ethyl-1-methyl-propoxy and 1-ethyl-2-methylpropoxy.     -   C₁-C₄-alkylthio: for example methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio,         1-methylethylthio, butylthio, 1-methylpropylthio,         2-methylpropylthio and 1,1-dimethylethylthio;     -   C₁-C₆-alkylthio: C₁-C₄-alkylthio as mentioned above, and also,         for example, pentylthio, 1-methylbutylthio, 2-methylbutylthio,         3-methylbutylthio, 2,2-dimethylpropylthio, 1-ethylpropylthio,         hexylthio, 1,1-dimethylpropylthio, 1,2-dimethylpropylthio,         1-methylpentylthio, 2-methylpentylthio, 3-methylpentylthio,         4-methylpentylthio, 1,1-dimethylbutylthio,         1,2-dimethylbutylthio, 1,3-dimethylbutylthio,         2,2-dimethylbutylthio, 2,3-dimethylbutylthio,         3,3-dimethylbutylthio, 1-ethylbutylthio, 2-ethylbutylthio,         1,1,2-trimethylpropylthio, 1,2,2-trimethylpropylthio,         1-ethyl-1-methylpropylthio and 1-ethyl-2-methylpropylthio;     -   C₁-C₆-alkylsulfinyl (C₁-C₆-alkyl-S(═O)—): z.B. methylsulfinyl,         ethylsulfinyl, propylsulfinyl, 1-methylethylsulfinyl,         butylsulfinyl, 1-methylpropylsulfinyl, 2-methylpropylsulfinyl,         1,1-di-methylethylsulfinyl, pentylsulfinyl,         1-methylbutylsulfinyl, 2-methylbutylsulfinyl,         3-methylbutylsulfinyl, 2,2-dimethylpropylsulfinyl,         1-ethylpropylsulfinyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propylsulfinyl,         1,2-dimethylpropylsulfinyl, hexylsulfinyl,         1-methylpentylsulfinyl, 2-methylpentylsulfinyl,         3-methylpentylsulfinyl, 4-methylpentyl-sulfinyl,         1,1-dimethylbutyl-sulfinyl, 1,2-dimethylbutylsulfinyl,         1,3-dimethylbutyl-sulfinyl, 2,2-dimethylbutylsulfinyl,         2,3-dimethylbutylsulfinyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl-sulfinyl,         1-ethylbutylsulfinyl, 2-ethylbutylsulfinyl,         1,1,2-trimethylpropylsulfinyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropylsulfinyl,         1-ethyl-1-methylpropylsulfinyl and         1-ethyl-2-methylpropylsulfinyl;     -   C₁-C₆-alkylsulfonyl (C₁-C₆-alkyl-S(O)₂—): for example         methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl,         1-methylethylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, 1-methylpropylsulfonyl,         2-methyl-propylsulfonyl, 1,1-dimethylethylsulfonyl,         pentylsulfonyl, 1-methylbutylsulfonyl, 2-methylbutylsulfonyl,         3-methylbutylsulfonyl, 1,1-dimethylpropylsulfonyl,         1,2-di-methylpropylsulfonyl, 2,2-dimethyl propylsulfonyl,         1-ethylpropylsulfonyl, hexylsulfonyl, 1-methyl pentylsulfonyl,         2-methyl pentylsulfonyl, 3-methyl pentylsulfonyl,         4-methylpentylsulfonyl, 1,1-dimethylbutylsulfonyl,         1,2-dimethylbutylsulfonyl, 1,3-dimethylbutylsulfonyl,         2,2-dimethylbutylsulfonyl, 2,3-dimethylbutylsulfonyl,         3,3-dimethylbutylsulfonyl, 1-ethylbutylsulfonyl,         2-ethylbutylsulfonyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propylsulfonyl,         1,2,2-trimethylpropylsulfonyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropylsulfonyl         and 1-ethyl-2-methylpropylsulfonyl;     -   (C₁-C₄-alkyl)amino: for example methylamino, ethylamino,         propylamino, 1-methylethyl-amino, butylamino,         1-methylpropylamino, 2-methylpropylamino or         1,1-dimethylethylamino;     -   (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino: (C₁-C₄-alkylamino) as mentioned above, and         also, for example, pentylamino, 1-methylbutylamino,         2-methylbutylamino, 3-methylbutylamino, 2,2-dimethylpropylamino,         1-ethylpropylamino, hexylamino, 1,1-dimethylpropylamino,         1,2-dimethylpropylamino, 1-methylpentylamino,         2-methylpentylamino, 3-methylpentylamino, 4-methylpentylamino,         1,1-dimethylbutylamino, 1,2-dimethylbutylamino,         1,3-dimethylbutylamino, 2,2-dimethylbutylamino,         2,3-dimethylbutyl-amino 3,3-dimethylbutyl-amino,         1-ethylbutylamino, 2-ethylbutylamino,         1,1,2-trimethylpropylamino, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propylamino,         1-ethyl-1-methylpropylamino or 1-ethyl-2-methylpropylamino;     -   di(C₁-C₄-alkyl)amino: for example N,N-dimethylamino,         N,N-diethylamino, N,N-di(1-methylethyl)amino, N,N-dipropylamino,         N,N-dibutylamino, N,N-di(1-methylpropyl)amino,         N,N-di(2-methylpropyl)amino, N,N-di(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-methylamino, N-methyl-N-propylamino,         N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)amino, N-butyl-N-methylamino,         N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)amino,         N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-methylamino, N-ethyl-N-propylamino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)amino, N-butyl-N-ethylamino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino,         N-(1-methylethyl)-N-propylamino, N-butyl-N-propylamino,         N-(1-methylpropyl)-N-propylamino,         N-(2-methylpropyl)-N-propylamino,         N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-propylamino,         N-butyl-N-(1-methylethyl)amino,         N-(1-methylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)amino,         N-(1-methylethyl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)amino,         N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylethyl)amino,         N-butyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)amino,         N-butyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)amino,         N-butyl-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino,         N-(1-methylpropyl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)amino,         N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)amino or         N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)amino;     -   di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino: di(C₁-C₄-alkyl)amino as mentioned above,         and also, for example, N-methyl-N-pentylamino,         N-methyl-N-(1-methylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(2-methylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(3-methylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1-ethylpropyl)amino, N-methyl-N-hexylamino,         N-methyl-N-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1,2-dimethylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1-methylpentyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(2-methylpentyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(3-methylpentyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(4-methylpentyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1,2-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(2,2-dimethyl-butyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(2,3-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1-ethylbutyl)amino, N-methyl-N-(2-ethylbutyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1,1,2-trimethylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)amino,         N-methyl-N-(1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl)amino, N-ethyl-N-pentylamino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-methylbutyl)amino, N-ethyl-N-(2-methylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(3-methylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-ethylpropyl)amino, N-ethyl-N-hexylamino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,2-dimethylpropyl)-amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-methylpentyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(2-methylpentyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(3-methylpentyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(4-methylpentyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,2-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(2,2-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(2,3-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-ethylbutyl)amino, N-ethyl-N-(2-ethylbutyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,1,2-trimethylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)amino,         N-ethyl-N-(1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl)amino, N-propyl-N-pentylamino,         N-butyl-N-pentylamino, N,N-dipentylamino, N-propyl-N-hexylamino,         N-butyl-N-hexylamino, N-pentyl-N-hexylamino or N,N-dihexylamino;     -   three- to six-membered heterocyclyl: monocyclic saturated or         partially unsaturated hydrocarbon having three to six ring         members as mentioned above which, in addition to carbon atoms,         contains one or two heteroatoms selected from O, S and N;

for example 2-oxiranyl, 2-oxetanyl, 3-oxetanyl, 2-aziridinyl, 3-thietanyl, 1-azetidinyl, 2-azetidinyl,

for example 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahydrothienyl, 3-tetra-hydrothienyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, 3-isoxazolidinyl, 4-isoxazolidinyl, 5-isoxazolidinyl, 3-isothiazolidinyl, 4-isothiazolidinyl, 5-isothiazolidinyl, 3-pyrazolidinyl, 4-pyrazolidinyl, 5-pyrazolidinyl, 2-oxazolidinyl, 4-oxazolidinyl, 5-oxazolidinyl, 2-thiazolidinyl, 4-thiazolidinyl, 5-thiazolidinyl, 2-imidazolidinyl, 4-imidazolidinyl;

for example 2,3-dihydrofur-2-yl, 2,3-dihydrofur-3-yl, 2,4-dihydrofur-2-yl, 2,4-dihydrofur-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrothien-2-yl, 2,3-dihydrothien-3-yl, 2,4-dihydrothien-2-yl, 2,4-dihydrothien-3-yl, 4,5-dihydropyrrol-2-yl, 4,5-dihydropyrrol-3-yl, 2,5-dihydropyrrol-2-yl, 2,5-dihydropyrrol-3-yl, 4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl, 2,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl, 2,3-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl, 4,5-dihydroisoxazol-4-yl, 2,5-dihydroisoxazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydroisoxazol-4-yl, 4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl, 2,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl, 4,5-dihydroisothiazol-3-yl, 2,5-dihydroisothiazol-3-yl, 2,3-dihydroisothiazol-3-yl, 4,5-dihydroisothiazol-4-yl, 2,5-dihydroisothiazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydroisothiazol-4-yl, 4,5-dihydroisothiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dihydroisothiazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydroisothiazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydropyrazol-2-yl, 2,3-dihydropyrazol-3-yl, 2,3-dihydropyrazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydropyrazol-5-yl, 3,4-dihydropyrazol-3-yl, 3,4-dihydropyrazol-4-yl, 3,4-dihydropyrazol-5-yl, 4,5-dihydropyrazol-3-yl, 4,5-dihydropyrazol-4-yl, 4,5-dihydropyrazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydroimidazol-2-yl, 2,3-dihydroimidazol-3-yl, 2,3-dihydroimidazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydroimidazol-5-yl, 4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl, 4,5-di-hydroimidazol-4-yl, 4,5-dihydroimidazol-5-yl, 2,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl, 2,5-dihydroimidazol-4-yl, 2,5-dihydroimidazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydrooxazol-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrooxazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydrooxazol-5-yl, 3,4-dihydrooxazol-3-yl, 3,4-dihydrooxazol-4-yl, 3,4-dihydrooxazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiazol-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiazol-4-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiazol-5-yl, 3,4-dihydrothiazol-3-yl, 3,4-dihydrothiazol-4-yl, 3,4-dihydrothiazol-5-yl, 3,4-dihydrothiazol-2-yl, 3,4-dihydrothiazol-3-yl, 3,4-dihydrothiazol-4-yl;

for example 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-piperidinyl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-4-yl, 1,3-dioxan-5-yl, 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, 1,3-dithian-2-yl, 1,3-dithian-4-yl, 1,4-dithian-2-yl, 1,3-dithian-5-yl, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 3-tetrahydropyranyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 3-tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-tetrahydro-thiopyranyl, 3-hexahydropyridazinyl, 4-hexahydropyridazinyl, 2-hexahydropyrimidinyl, 4-hexahydropyrimidinyl, 5-hexahydropyrimidinyl, 2-piperazinyl, tetrahydro-1,3-oxazin-2-yl, tetrahydro-1,3-oxazin-6-yl, 2-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl;

for example 2H-pyran-2-yl, 2H-pyran-3-yl, 2H-pyran-4-yl, 2H-pyran-5-yl, 2H-pyran-6-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl, 2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 2H-thiopyran-5-yl, 2H-thiopyran-6-yl, 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl;

The preferred embodiments of the invention mentioned herein below have to be understood as being preferred either independently from each other or in combination with one another.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention preference is also given to those azines of formula (I), wherein the variables, either independently of one another or in combination with one another, have the following meanings:

Preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

-   A is phenyl, which is substituted by two to five substituents     selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio,     (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino,     (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,     (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred phenyl, which is substituted by two to         five substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen,         CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   particularly preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also particularly preferred selected from the group             consisting of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   especially preferred selected from the group consisting of             F, Cl and CN;     -   especially preferred phenyl, which is substituted by two to four         substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN,         NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,         C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl,         amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN;     -   more preferred phenyl, which is substituted by two substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN;     -   also more preferred phenyl, which is substituted by three         substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN;     -   also more preferred phenyl, which is substituted by four         substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein     -   R^(a) and R^(e) independently of one another are halogen, CN,         NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,         C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl,         amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl; and     -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are         hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred R^(a) and R^(e) independently of one         another are halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are             hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or             C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred R^(a) and R^(e) independently of one         another are halogen or CN; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are             hydrogen, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   more preferred R^(a) and R^(e) are halogen; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are             hydrogen, halogen or CN;     -   most preferred R^(a) and R^(e) are halogen; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) are hydrogen;     -   also most preferred R^(a), R^(b), R^(d) and R^(e) are halogen;         and         -   R^(c) hydrogen;     -   also most preferred R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d) and R^(e) are         halogen.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a) is halogen or CN;         -   R^(b) and R^(d) are H, halogen or CN;         -   R^(c) is H or halogen;         -   R^(e) is halogen, CN or C₁-C₆-alkyl;     -   particularly preferred R^(a) is halogen;         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) are H or halogen; and         -   R^(e) is halogen or CN;     -   especially preferred R^(a), R^(b), R^(d) and R^(e) are halogen;         and         -   R^(c) is H or halogen;     -   more preferred R^(a), R^(b), R^(d) and R^(e) are F; and         -   R^(c) is H or F.

Especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein A is selected from the group consisting of (A.1.1), (A.1.2) and (A.1.3);

more preferred selected from the group consisting of (A.1.2) and (A.1.3);

-   -   wherein     -   R^(a) and R^(e) independently of one another are halogen, CN,         NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,         C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl,         amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl; and     -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen, CN,         NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,         C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl,         amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred R^(a) and R^(e) independently of one         another are halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy; and         -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen,             CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred R^(a) and R^(e) independently of one         another halogen or CN; and         -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen,             CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   more preferred R^(a) and R^(e) are halogen; and         -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen or             CN;     -   most preferred R^(a), R^(b), R^(d) and R^(e) are halogen.

Also especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(d) and R^(e) have the meanings, in         particular the preferred meanings, as defined above.

Also especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(e) have the meanings, in particular         the preferred meanings, as defined above.

Also especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a) and R^(e) have the meanings, in particular the         preferred meanings, as defined above.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl and (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;

-   -   particularly preferred 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by         one to four substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN,             C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   particularly preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also particularly preferred selected from the group             consisting of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   especially preferred selected from the group consisting of             F, Cl and CN;     -   especially preferred 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by         one to three substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl and             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN;     -   more preferred 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by one         substituent         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl and             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN;     -   also more preferred 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by two         substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl and             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN;     -   also more preferred 2-fluoro-phenyl, which is substituted by         three substituents         -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,             C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,             (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,             di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl and             (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;         -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;         -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;         -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting             of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;         -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl             and CN.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein     -   R^(a) is halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl; and     -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are         hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred R^(a) is halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or         C₁-C₆-alkoxy; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are             hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or             C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred R^(a) is halogen or CN; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are             hydrogen, halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   more preferred R^(a) is halogen; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) independently of one another are             hydrogen, halogen or CN;     -   most preferred R^(a) is halogen; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) are hydrogen;     -   also most preferred R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) are halogen; and         -   R^(c) is hydrogen;     -   also most preferred R^(a), R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) are halogen.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a) is halogen, CN or C₁-C₆-alkyl;         -   R^(b) and R^(d) are H, halogen or CN; and         -   R^(c) is H or halogen;     -   particularly preferred R^(a) is halogen or CN; and         -   R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) are H or halogen;     -   especially preferred R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) are halogen; and         -   R^(c) is H or halogen;     -   Also especially preferred R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) are halogen;         and         -   R^(c) is H, F, Br or I;     -   more preferred R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) are F; and         -   R^(c) is F, Br or I;     -   also more preferred R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) are F; and         -   R^(c) is H or F.

Especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein A is selected from the group consisting of (A.1a.1), (A.1a.2) and (A.1a.3);

more preferred selected from the group consisting of (A.1.2) and (A.1.3);

-   -   wherein     -   R^(a) is halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl,         (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl; and     -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen, CN,         NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy,         C₁-C₆-alkylthio, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl,         amino, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred R^(a) is halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or         C₁-C₆-alkoxy; and         -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen,             CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred R^(a) is halogen or CN; and         -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen,             CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   more preferred R^(a) is halogen; and         -   R^(b) and R^(d) independently of one another are halogen or             CN;     -   most preferred R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) are halogen.

Also especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a), R^(b) and R^(d) have the meanings, in particular         the preferred meanings, as defined above.

Also especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a) and R^(b) have the meanings, in particular the         preferred meanings, as defined above.

Also especially preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is

-   -   wherein R^(a) has the meanings, in particular the preferred         meanings, as defined above.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

-   R¹ is H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   particularly preferred H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   especially preferred H, CN, CH₃, CH₂OCH₃, OCH₃, COCH₃ or SO₂CH₃;     -   more preferred hydrogen.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

R² is H, halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl;

-   -   particularly preferred halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl;     -   also particularly preferred H, F, Cl, CH₃ or CF₃.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

R³ and R⁴ are

-   -   independently of one another H, halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or         C₁-C₆-haloalkyl; or     -   together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a         moiety selected from     -   the group consisting of C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl and         three- to six-membered heterocyclyl,         -   wherein the C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl or the             three- to six-membered heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or             substituted by one to three substituents selected from             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   independently of one another particularly preferred H, halogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl; or     -   together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a         moiety selected from the group consisting of C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl         and C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl,         -   wherein the C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl is             unsubstituted or substituted by one to three substituents             selected from halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   independently of one another especially preferred H, halogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl;     -   independently of one another more preferred H, halogen or         C₁-C₆-alkyl.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

-   -   R² is H, halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl; and     -   R³ and R⁴ are independently of one another H, halogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, or together with the carbon atom to which they are         attached form a C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl;     -   particularly preferred R² is H, halogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl;         -   R³ is C₁-C₆-alkyl;         -   R⁴ is H, halogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl;         -   R³ and R⁴ together with the carbon atom to which they are             attached form a C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl;     -   especially preferred R² is halogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl;         -   R³ is C₁-C₆-alkyl;         -   R⁴ is H or C₁-C₆-alkyl;     -   more preferred R² is halogen; and         -   R³ and R⁴ are C₁-C₆-alkyl.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

R⁵ is H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;

-   -   particularly preferred H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   especially preferred H, CN, CH₃, CH₂OCH₃, OCH₃, COCH₃ or SO₂CH₃;     -   more preferred hydrogen.

Also preferred are the azines of formula (I), wherein

A is phenyl, which is substituted by two to five substituents

-   -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl         and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   particularly preferred selected from halogen and CN;     -   also particularly preferred selected from the group consisting         of F, Cl, CN and CH₃;     -   especially preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl         and CN;     -   particularly preferred phenyl, which is substituted by two to         four substituents     -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of         halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;     -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting of         F, Cl, CN and CH₃;     -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and         CN;     -   especially preferred phenyl, which is substituted by two         substituents     -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of         halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;     -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting of         F, Cl, CN and CH₃;     -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and         CN;     -   also especially preferred phenyl, which is substituted by three         substituents     -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of         halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;     -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting of         F, Cl, CN and CH₃;     -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and         CN;     -   also specially preferred phenyl, which is substituted by four         substituents     -   selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, NO₂,         C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₁-C₆-alkylthio,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfinyl, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl, amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino, di(C₁-C₆-alkyl)amino,         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)-carbonyl, (C₁-C₆-alkoxy)carbonyl;     -   particularly preferred selected from the group consisting of         halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   especially preferred selected from halogen and CN;     -   also especially preferred selected from the group consisting of         F, Cl, CN and CH₃;     -   more preferred selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and         CN;

-   R¹ is H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   particularly preferred H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   especially preferred H, CN, CH₃, CH₂OCH₃, OCH₃, COCH₃ or SO₂CH₃;     -   more preferred hydrogen.

-   R² is H, halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl;     -   particularly preferred halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl;     -   also particularly preferred H, F, CH₃ or CF₃;

-   R³ and R⁴ are independently of one another H, halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl     or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl; or     -   together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a         moiety selected from the group consisting of C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl,         C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl and three- to six-membered heterocyclyl,         -   wherein the C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl or the             three- to six-membered heterocyclyl is unsubstituted or             substituted by one to three substituents selected from             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   independently of one another particularly preferred H, halogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₆-haloalkyl; or     -   together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a         moiety selected from the group consisting of C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl         and C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl,         -   wherein the C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkenyl is             unsubstituted or         -   substituted by one to three substituents selected from             halogen, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   independently of one another especially preferred H, halogen,         C₁-C₆-alkyl or 01-C₆-haloalkyl;     -   independently of one another more preferred H, halogen or         C₁-C₆-alkyl;

-   and

-   R⁵ is H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl,     C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   particularly preferred H, CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl,         C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆-alkyl)carbonyl or         (C₁-C₆-alkyl)sulfonyl;     -   especially preferred H, CN, CH₃, CH₂OCH₃, OCH₃, COCH₃ or SO₂CH₃;     -   more preferred hydrogen.

Particular preference is given to azines of formula (I.a), which correspond to azines of formula (I) wherein A is (A.1) and R¹ and R⁵ are H:

-   -   wherein the variables R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R², R³         and R⁴ have the meanings, in particular the preferred meanings,         as defined above;

special preference is given to the azines of the formulae (I.a.1) to (I.a.1406) of Table A, where the definitions of the variables R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R², R³ and R⁴ are of particular importance for the compounds according to the invention not only in combination with one another but in each case also on their own:

TABLE A No. R^(a) R^(b) R^(c) R^(d) R^(e) R² R³ R⁴ I.a.1 F H H H F CH₃ H H I.a.2 Cl H H H F CH₃ H H I.a.3 Br H H H F CH₃ H H I.a.4 CN H H H F CH₃ H H I.a.5 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ H H I.a.6 F H H F F CH₃ H H I.a.7 Cl H H F F CH₃ H H I.a.8 F H H Cl F CH₃ H H I.a.9 Cl H H F F CH₃ H H I.a.10 CN H H F F CH₃ H H I.a.11 F H H CN F CH₃ H H I.a.12 CN H H F F CH₃ H H I.a.13 F H F H F CH₃ H H I.a.14 Cl H F H F CH₃ H H I.a.15 CN H F H F CH₃ H H I.a.16 F F F H F CH₃ H H I.a.17 Cl F F H F CH₃ H H I.a.18 F Cl F H F CH₃ H H I.a.19 Cl F F H F CH₃ H H I.a.20 CN F F H F CH₃ H H I.a.21 F CN F H F CH₃ H H I.a.22 CN F F H F CH₃ H H I.a.23 F F H F F CH₃ H H I.a.24 Cl F H F F CH₃ H H I.a.25 F Cl H F F CH₃ H H I.a.26 CN F H F F CH₃ H H I.a.27 F CN H F F CH₃ H H I.a.28 F F F F F CH₃ H H I.a.29 Cl F F F F CH₃ H H I.a.30 F Cl F F F CH₃ H H I.a.31 CN F F F F CH₃ H H I.a.32 F CN F F F CH₃ H H I.a.33 H F F F F CH₃ H H I.a.34 F F Br F F CH₃ H H I.a.35 F F C≡CH F F CH₃ H H I.a.36 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ H H I.a.37 F F I F F CH₃ H H I.a.38 F H H H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.39 Cl H H H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.40 Br H H H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.41 CN H H H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.42 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.43 F H H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.44 Cl H H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.45 F H H Cl F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.46 Cl H H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.47 CN H H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.48 F H H CN F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.49 CN H H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.50 F H F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.51 Cl H F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.52 CN H F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.53 F F F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.54 Cl F F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.55 F Cl F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.56 Cl F F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.57 CN F F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.58 F CN F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.59 CN F F H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.60 F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.61 Cl F H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.62 F Cl H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.63 CN F H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.64 F CN H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.65 F F F F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.66 Cl F F F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.67 F Cl F F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.68 CN F F F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.69 F CN F F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.70 H F F F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.71 F F Br F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.72 F F C≡H F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.73 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.74 F F I F F CH₃ CH₃ H I.a.75 F H H H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.76 Cl H H H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.77 Br H H H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.78 CN H H H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.79 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.80 F H H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.81 Cl H H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.82 F H H Cl F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.83 Cl H H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.84 CN H H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.85 F H H CN F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.86 CN H H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.87 F H F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.88 Cl H F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.89 CN H F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.90 F F F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.91 Cl F F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.92 F Cl F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.93 Cl F F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.94 CN F F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.95 F CN F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.96 CN F F H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.97 F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.98 Cl F H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.99 F Cl H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.100 CN F H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.101 F CN H F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.102 F F F F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.103 Cl F F F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.104 F Cl F F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.105 CN F F F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.106 F CN F F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.107 H F F F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.108 F F Br F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.109 F F C≡CH F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.110 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.111 F F I F F CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.112 F H H H F F F F I.a.113 Cl H H H F F F F I.a.114 Br H H H F F F F I.a.115 CN H H H F F F F I.a.116 CH₃ H H H F F F F I.a.117 F H H F F F F F I.a.118 Cl H H F F F F F I.a.119 F H H Cl F F F F I.a.120 Cl H H F F F F F I.a.121 CN H H F F F F F I.a.122 F H H CN F F F F I.a.123 CN H H F F F F F I.a.124 F H F H F F F F I.a.125 Cl H F H F F F F I.a.126 CN H F H F F F F I.a.127 F F F H F F F F I.a.128 Cl F F H F F F F I.a.129 F Cl F H F F F F I.a.130 Cl F F H F F F F I.a.131 CN F F H F F F F I.a.132 F CN F H F F F F I.a.133 CN F F H F F F F I.a.134 F F H F F F F F I.a.135 Cl F H F F F F F I.a.136 F Cl H F F F F F I.a.137 CN F H F F F F F I.a.138 F CN H F F F F F I.a.139 F F F F F F F F I.a.140 Cl F F F F F F F I.a.141 F Cl F F F F F F I.a.142 CN F F F F F F F I.a.143 F CN F F F F F F I.a.144 H F F F F F F F I.a.145 F F Br F F F F F I.a.146 F F C≡CH F F F F F I.a.147 CF₃ Cl H H F F F F I.a.148 F F I F F F F F I.a.149 F H H H F F CF₃ F I.a.150 Cl H H H F F CF₃ F I.a.151 Br H H H F F CF₃ F I.a.152 CN H H H F F CF₃ F I.a.153 CH₃ H H H F F CF₃ F I.a.154 F H H F F F CF₃ F I.a.155 Cl H H F F F CF₃ F I.a.156 F H H Cl F F CF₃ F I.a.157 Cl H H F F F CF₃ F I.a.158 CN H H F F F CF₃ F I.a.159 F H H CN F F CF₃ F I.a.160 CN H H F F F CF₃ F I.a.161 F H F H F F CF₃ F I.a.162 Cl H F H F F CF₃ F I.a.163 CN H F H F F CF₃ F I.a.164 F F F H F F CF₃ F I.a.165 Cl F F H F F CF₃ F I.a.166 F Cl F H F F CF₃ F I.a.167 Cl F F H F F CF₃ F I.a.168 CN F F H F F CF₃ F I.a.169 F CN F H F F CF₃ F I.a.170 CN F F H F F CF₃ F I.a.171 F F H F F F CF₃ F I.a.172 Cl F H F F F CF₃ F I.a.173 F Cl H F F F CF₃ F I.a.174 CN F H F F F CF₃ F I.a.175 F CN H F F F CF₃ F I.a.176 F F F F F F CF₃ F I.a.177 Cl F F F F F CF₃ F I.a.178 F Cl F F F F CF₃ F I.a.179 CN F F F F F CF₃ F I.a.180 F CN F F F F CF₃ F I.a.181 H F F F F F CF₃ F I.a.182 F F Br F F F CF₃ F I.a.183 F F C≡CH F F F CF₃ F I.a.184 CF₃ Cl H H F F CF₃ F I.a.185 F F I F F F CF₃ F I.a.186 F H H H F F CH₃ F I.a.187 Cl H H H F F CH₃ F I.a.188 Br H H H F F CH₃ F I.a.189 CN H H H F F CH₃ F I.a.190 CH₃ H H H F F CH₃ F I.a.191 F H H F F F CH₃ F I.a.192 Cl H H F F F CH₃ F I.a.193 F H H Cl F F CH₃ F I.a.194 Cl H H F F F CH₃ F I.a.195 CN H H F F F CH₃ F I.a.196 F H H CN F F CH₃ F I.a.197 CN H H F F F CH₃ F I.a.198 F H F H F F CH₃ F I.a.199 Cl H F H F F CH₃ F I.a.200 CN H F H F F CH₃ F I.a.201 F F F H F F CH₃ F I.a.202 Cl F F H F F CH₃ F I.a.203 F Cl F H F F CH₃ F I.a.204 Cl F F H F F CH₃ F I.a.205 CN F F H F F CH₃ F I.a.206 F CN F H F F CH₃ F I.a.207 CN F F H F F CH₃ F I.a.208 F F H F F F CH₃ F I.a.209 Cl F H F F F CH₃ F I.a.210 F Cl H F F F CH₃ F I.a.211 CN F H F F F CH₃ F I.a.212 F CN H F F F CH₃ F I.a.213 F F F F F F CH₃ F I.a.214 Cl F F F F F CH₃ F I.a.215 F Cl F F F F CH₃ F I.a.216 CN F F F F F CH₃ F I.a.217 F CN F F F F CH₃ F I.a.218 H F F F F F CH₃ F I.a.219 F F Br F F F CH₃ F I.a.220 F F C≡CH F F F CH₃ F I.a.221 CF₃ Cl H H F F CH₃ F I.a.222 F F I F F F CH₃ F I.a.223 F H H H F F CH₃ H I.a.224 Cl H H H F F CH₃ H I.a.225 Br H H H F F CH₃ H I.a.226 CN H H H F F CH₃ H I.a.227 CH₃ H H H F F CH₃ H I.a.228 F H H F F F CH₃ H I.a.229 Cl H H F F F CH₃ H I.a.230 F H H Cl F F CH₃ H I.a.231 Cl H H F F F CH₃ H I.a.232 CN H H F F F CH₃ H I.a.233 F H H CN F F CH₃ H I.a.234 CN H H F F F CH₃ H I.a.235 F H F H F F CH₃ H I.a.236 Cl H F H F F CH₃ H I.a.237 CN H F H F F CH₃ H I.a.238 F F F H F F CH₃ H I.a.239 Cl F F H F F CH₃ H I.a.240 F Cl F H F F CH₃ H I.a.241 Cl F F H F F CH₃ H I.a.242 CN F F H F F CH₃ H I.a.243 F CN F H F F CH₃ H I.a.244 CN F F H F F CH₃ H I.a.245 F F H F F F CH₃ H I.a.246 Cl F H F F F CH₃ H I.a.247 F Cl H F F F CH₃ H I.a.248 CN F H F F F CH₃ H I.a.249 F CN H F F F CH₃ H I.a.250 F F F F F F CH₃ H I.a.251 Cl F F F F F CH₃ H I.a.252 F Cl F F F F CH₃ H I.a.253 CN F F F F F CH₃ H I.a.254 F CN F F F F CH₃ H I.a.255 H F F F F F CH₃ H I.a.256 F F Br F F F CH₃ H I.a.257 F F C≡CH F F F CH₃ H I.a.258 CF₃ Cl H H F F CH₃ H I.a.259 F F I F F F CH₃ H I.a.260 F H H H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.261 Cl H H H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.262 Br H H H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.263 CN H H H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.264 CH₃ H H H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.265 F H H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.266 Cl H H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.267 F H H Cl F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.268 Cl H H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.269 CN H H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.270 F H H CN F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.271 CN H H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.272 F H F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.273 Cl H F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.274 CN H F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.275 F F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.276 Cl F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.277 F Cl F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.278 Cl F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.279 CN F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.280 F CN F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.281 CN F F H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.282 F F H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.283 Cl F H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.284 F Cl H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.285 CN F H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.286 F CN H F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.287 F F F F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.288 Cl F F F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.289 F Cl F F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.290 CN F F F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.291 F CN F F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.292 H F F F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.293 F F Br F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.294 F F C≡CH F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.295 CF₃ Cl H H F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.296 F F I F F F CH₃ CH₃ I.a.297 F H H H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.298 Cl H H H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.299 Br H H H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.300 CN H H H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.301 CH₃ H H H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.302 F H H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.303 Cl H H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.304 F H H Cl F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.305 Cl H H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.306 CN H H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.307 F H H CN F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.308 CN H H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.309 F H F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.310 Cl H F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.311 CN H F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.312 F F F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.313 Cl F F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.314 F Cl F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.315 Cl F F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.316 CN F F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.317 F CN F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.318 CN F F H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.319 F F H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.320 Cl F H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.321 F Cl H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.322 CN F H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.323 F CN H F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.324 F F F F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.325 Cl F F F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.326 F Cl F F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.327 CN F F F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.328 F CN F F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.329 H F F F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.330 F F Br F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.331 F F C≡CH F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.332 CF₃ Cl H H F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.333 F F I F F Cl CH₃ CH₃ I.a.334 F H H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.335 Cl H H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.336 Br H H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.337 CN H H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.338 CH₃ H H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.339 F H H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.340 Cl H H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.341 F H H Cl F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.342 Cl H H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.343 CN H H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.344 F H H CN F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.345 CN H H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.346 F H F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.347 Cl H F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.348 CN H F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.349 F F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.350 Cl F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.351 F Cl F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.352 Cl F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.353 CN F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.354 F CN F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.355 CN F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.356 F F H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.357 Cl F H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.358 F Cl H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.359 CN F H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.360 F CN H F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.361 F F F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.362 Cl F F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.363 F Cl F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.364 CN F F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.365 F CN F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.366 H F F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.367 F F Br F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.368 F F C≡CH F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.369 CF₃ Cl H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.370 F F I F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.371 F H H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.372 Cl H H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.373 Br H H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.374 CN H H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.375 CH₃ H H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.376 F H H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.377 Cl H H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.378 F H H Cl F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.379 Cl H H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.380 CN H H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.381 F H H CN F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.382 CN H H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.383 F H F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.384 Cl H F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.385 CN H F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.386 F F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.387 Cl F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.388 F Cl F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.389 Cl F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.390 CN F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.391 F CN F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.392 CN F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.393 F F H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.394 Cl F H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.395 F Cl H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.396 CN F H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.397 F CN H F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.398 F F F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.399 Cl F F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.400 F Cl F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.401 CN F F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.402 F CN F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.403 H F F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.404 F F Br F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.405 F F C≡CH F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.406 CF₃ Cl H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.407 F F I F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ I.a.408 F H H H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.409 Cl H H H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.410 Br H H H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.411 CN H H H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.412 CH₃ H H H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.413 F H H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.414 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.415 F H H Cl F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.416 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.417 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.418 F H H CN F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.419 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.420 F H F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.421 Cl H F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.422 CN H F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.423 F F F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.424 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.425 F Cl F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.426 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.427 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.428 F CN F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.429 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.430 F F H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.431 Cl F H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.432 F Cl H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.433 CN F H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.434 F CN H F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.435 F F F F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.436 Cl F F F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.437 F Cl F F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.438 CN F F F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.439 F CN F F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.440 H F F F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.441 F F Br F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.442 F F C≡CH F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.443 CF₃ Cl H H F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.444 F F I F F H —(CH₂)₂— I.a.445 F H H H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.446 Cl H H H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.447 Br H H H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.448 CN H H H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.449 CH₃ H H H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.450 F H H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.451 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.452 F H H Cl F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.453 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.454 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.455 F H H CN F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.456 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.457 F H F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.458 Cl H F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.459 CN H F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.460 F F F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.461 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.462 F Cl F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.463 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.464 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.465 F CN F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.466 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.467 F F H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.468 Cl F H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.469 F Cl H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.470 CN F H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.471 F CN H F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.472 F F F F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.473 Cl F F F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.474 F Cl F F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.475 CN F F F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.476 F CN F F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.477 H F F F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.478 F F Br F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.479 F F C≡CH F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.480 CF₃ Cl H H F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.481 F F I F F H —(CH₂)₃— I.a.482 F H H H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.483 Cl H H H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.484 Br H H H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.485 CN H H H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.486 CH₃ H H H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.487 F H H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.488 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.489 F H H Cl F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.490 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.491 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.492 F H H CN F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.493 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.494 F H F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.495 Cl H F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.496 CN H F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.497 F F F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.498 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.499 F Cl F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.500 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.501 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.502 F CN F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.503 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.504 F F H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.505 Cl F H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.506 F Cl H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.507 CN F H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.508 F CN H F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.509 F F F F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.510 Cl F F F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.511 F Cl F F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.512 CN F F F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.513 F CN F F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.514 H F F F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.515 F F Br F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.516 F F C≡CH F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.517 CF₃ Cl H H F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.518 F F I F F H —(CH₂)₄— I.a.519 F H H H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.520 Cl H H H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.521 Br H H H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.522 CN H H H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.523 CH₃ H H H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.524 F H H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.525 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.526 F H H Cl F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.527 Cl H H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.528 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.529 F H H CN F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.530 CN H H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.531 F H F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.532 Cl H F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.533 CN H F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.534 F F F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.535 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.536 F Cl F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.537 Cl F F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.538 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.539 F CN F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.540 CN F F H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.541 F F H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.542 Cl F H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.543 F Cl H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.544 CN F H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.545 F CN H F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.546 F F F F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.547 Cl F F F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.548 F Cl F F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.549 CN F F F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.550 F CN F F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.551 H F F F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.552 F F Br F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.553 F F C≡CH F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.554 CF₃ Cl H H F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.555 F F I F F H —(CH₂)₅— I.a.556 F H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.557 Cl H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.558 Br H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.559 CN H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.560 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.561 F H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.562 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.563 F H H Cl F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.564 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.565 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.566 F H H CN F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.567 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.568 F H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.569 Cl H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.570 CN H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.571 F F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.572 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.573 F Cl F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.574 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.575 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.576 F CN F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.577 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.578 F F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.579 Cl F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.580 F Cl H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.581 CN F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.582 F CN H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.583 F F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.584 Cl F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.585 F Cl F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.586 CN F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.587 F CN F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.588 H F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.589 F F Br F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.590 F F C≡CH F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.591 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.592 F F I F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₂— I.a.593 F H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.594 Cl H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.595 Br H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.596 CN H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.597 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.598 F H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.599 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.600 F H H Cl F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.601 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.602 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.603 F H H CN F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.604 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.605 F H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.606 Cl H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.607 CN H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.608 F F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.609 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.610 F Cl F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.611 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.612 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.613 F CN F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.614 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.615 F F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.616 Cl F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.617 F Cl H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.618 CN F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.619 F CN H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.620 F F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.621 Cl F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.622 F Cl F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.623 CN F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.624 F CN F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.625 H F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.626 F F Br F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.627 F F C≡CH F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.628 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.629 F F I F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₃— I.a.630 F H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.631 Cl H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.632 Br H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.633 CN H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.634 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.635 F H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.636 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.637 F H H Cl F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.638 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.639 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.640 F H H CN F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.641 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.642 F H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.643 Cl H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.644 CN H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.645 F F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.646 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.647 F Cl F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.648 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.649 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.650 F CN F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.651 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.652 F F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.653 Cl F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.654 F Cl H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.655 CN F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.656 F CN H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.657 F F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.658 Cl F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.659 F Cl F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.660 CN F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.661 F CN F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.662 H F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.663 F F Br F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.664 F F C≡CH F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.665 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.666 F F I F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₄— I.a.667 F H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.668 Cl H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.669 Br H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.670 CN H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.671 CH₃ H H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.672 F H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.673 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.674 F H H Cl F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.675 Cl H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.676 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.677 F H H CN F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.678 CN H H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.679 F H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.680 Cl H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.681 CN H F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.682 F F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.683 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.684 F Cl F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.685 Cl F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.686 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.687 F CN F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.688 CN F F H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.689 F F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.690 Cl F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.691 F Cl H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.692 CN F H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.693 F CN H F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.694 F F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.695 Cl F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.696 F Cl F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.697 CN F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.698 F CN F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.699 H F F F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.700 F F Br F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.701 F F C≡CH F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.702 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.703 F F I F F CH₃ —(CH₂)₅— I.a.704 F H H H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.705 Cl H H H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.706 Br H H H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.707 CN H H H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.708 CH₃ H H H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.709 F H H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.710 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.711 F H H Cl F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.712 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.713 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.714 F H H CN F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.715 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.716 F H F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.717 Cl H F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.718 CN H F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.719 F F F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.720 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.721 F Cl F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.722 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.723 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.724 F CN F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.725 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.726 F F H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.727 Cl F H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.728 F Cl H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.729 CN F H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.730 F CN H F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.731 F F F F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.732 Cl F F F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.733 F Cl F F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.734 CN F F F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.735 F CN F F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.736 H F F F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.737 F F Br F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.738 F F C≡CH F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.739 CF₃ Cl H H F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.740 F F I F F F —(CH₂)₂— I.a.741 F H H H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.742 Cl H H H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.743 Br H H H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.744 CN H H H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.745 CH₃ H H H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.746 F H H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.747 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.748 F H H Cl F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.749 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.750 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.751 F H H CN F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.752 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.753 F H F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.754 Cl H F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.755 CN H F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.756 F F F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.757 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.758 F Cl F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.759 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.760 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.761 F CN F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.762 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.763 F F H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.764 Cl F H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.765 F Cl H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.766 CN F H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.767 F CN H F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.768 F F F F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.769 Cl F F F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.770 F Cl F F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.771 CN F F F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.772 F CN F F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.773 H F F F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.774 F F Br F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.775 F F C≡CH F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.776 CF₃ Cl H H F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.777 F F I F F F —(CH₂)₃— I.a.778 F H H H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.779 Cl H H H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.780 Br H H H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.781 CN H H H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.782 CH₃ H H H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.783 F H H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.784 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.785 F H H Cl F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.786 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.787 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.788 F H H CN F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.789 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.790 F H F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.791 Cl H F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.792 CN H F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.793 F F F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.794 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.795 F Cl F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.796 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.797 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.798 F CN F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.799 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.800 F F H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.801 Cl F H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.802 F Cl H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.803 CN F H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.804 F CN H F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.805 F F F F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.806 Cl F F F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.807 F Cl F F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.808 CN F F F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.809 F CN F F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.810 H F F F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.811 F F Br F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.812 F F C≡CH F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.813 CF₃ Cl H H F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.814 F F I F F F —(CH₂)₄— I.a.815 F H H H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.816 Cl H H H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.817 Br H H H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.818 CN H H H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.819 CH₃ H H H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.820 F H H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.821 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.822 F H H Cl F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.823 Cl H H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.824 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.825 F H H CN F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.826 CN H H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.827 F H F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.828 Cl H F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.829 CN H F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.830 F F F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.831 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.832 F Cl F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.833 Cl F F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.834 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.835 F CN F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.836 CN F F H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.837 F F H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.838 Cl F H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.839 F Cl H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.840 CN F H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.841 F CN H F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.842 F F F F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.843 Cl F F F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.844 F Cl F F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.845 CN F F F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.846 F CN F F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.847 H F F F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.848 F F Br F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.849 F F C≡CH F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.850 CF₃ Cl H H F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.851 F F I F F F —(CH₂)₅— I.a.852 F H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.853 Cl H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.854 Br H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.855 CN H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.856 CH₃ H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.857 F H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.858 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.859 F H H Cl F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.860 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.861 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.862 F H H CN F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.863 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.864 F H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.865 Cl H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.866 CN H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.867 F F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.868 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.869 F Cl F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.870 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.871 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.872 F CN F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.873 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.874 F F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.875 Cl F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.876 F Cl H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.877 CN F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.878 F CN H F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.879 F F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.880 Cl F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.881 F Cl F F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.882 CN F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.883 F CN F F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.884 H F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.885 F F Br F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.886 F F C≡CH F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.887 CF₃ Cl H H F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.888 F F I F F Cl —(CH₂)₂— I.a.889 F H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.890 Cl H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.891 Br H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.892 CN H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.893 CH₃ H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.894 F H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.895 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.896 F H H Cl F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.897 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.898 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.899 F H H CN F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.900 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.901 F H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.902 Cl H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.903 CN H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.904 F F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.905 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.906 F Cl F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.907 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.908 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.909 F CN F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.910 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.911 F F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.912 Cl F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.913 F Cl H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.914 CN F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.915 F CN H F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.916 F F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.917 Cl F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.918 F Cl F F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.919 CN F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.920 F CN F F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.921 H F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.922 F F Br F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.923 F F C≡CH F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.924 CF₃ Cl H H F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.925 F F I F F Cl —(CH₂)₃— I.a.926 F H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.927 Cl H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.928 Br H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.929 CN H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.930 CH₃ H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.931 F H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.932 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.933 F H H Cl F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.934 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.935 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.936 F H H CN F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.937 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.938 F H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.939 Cl H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.940 CN H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.941 F F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.942 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.943 F Cl F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.944 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.945 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.946 F CN F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.947 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.948 F F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.949 Cl F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.950 F Cl H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.951 CN F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.952 F CN H F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.953 F F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.954 Cl F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.955 F Cl F F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.956 CN F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.957 F CN F F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.958 H F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.959 F F Br F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.960 F F C≡CH F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.961 CF₃ Cl H H F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.962 F F I F F Cl —(CH₂)₄— I.a.963 F H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.964 Cl H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.965 Br H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.966 CN H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.967 CH₃ H H H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.968 F H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.969 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.970 F H H Cl F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.971 Cl H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.972 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.973 F H H CN F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.974 CN H H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.975 F H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.976 Cl H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.977 CN H F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.978 F F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.979 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.980 F Cl F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.981 Cl F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.982 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.983 F CN F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.984 CN F F H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.985 F F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.986 Cl F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.987 F Cl H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.988 CN F H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.989 F CN H F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.990 F F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.991 Cl F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.992 F Cl F F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.993 CN F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.994 F CN F F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.995 H F F F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.996 F F Br F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.997 F F C≡CH F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.998 CF₃ Cl H H F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.999 F F I F F Cl —(CH₂)₅— I.a.1000 F H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1001 Cl H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1002 Br H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1003 CN H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1004 CH₃ H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1005 F H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1006 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1007 F H H Cl F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1008 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1009 CN H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1010 F H H CN F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1011 CN H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1012 F H F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1013 Cl H F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1014 CN H F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1015 F F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1016 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1017 F Cl F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1018 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1019 CN F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1020 F CN F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1021 CN F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1022 F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1023 Cl F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1024 F Cl H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1025 CN F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1026 F CN H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1027 F F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1028 Cl F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1029 F Cl F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1030 CN F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1031 F CN F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1032 H F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1033 F F Br F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1034 F F C≡CH F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1035 CF₃ Cl H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1036 F F I F F C₂H₅ CH₃ H I.a.1037 F H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1038 Cl H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1039 Br H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1040 CN H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1041 CH₃ H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1042 F H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1043 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1044 F H H Cl F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1045 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1046 CN H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1047 F H H CN F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1048 CN H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1049 F H F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1050 Cl H F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1051 CN H F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1052 F F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1053 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1054 F Cl F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1055 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1056 CN F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1057 F CN F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1058 CN F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1059 F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1060 Cl F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1061 F Cl H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1062 CN F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1063 F CN H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1064 F F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1065 Cl F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1066 F Cl F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1067 CN F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1068 F CN F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1069 H F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1070 F F Br F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1071 F F C≡CH F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1072 CF₃ Cl H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1073 F F I F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ H I.a.1074 F H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1075 Cl H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1076 Br H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1077 CN H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1078 CH₃ H H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1079 F H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1080 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1081 F H H Cl F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1082 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1083 CN H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1084 F H H CN F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1085 CN H H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1086 F H F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1087 Cl H F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1088 CN H F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1089 F F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1090 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1091 F Cl F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1092 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1093 CN F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1094 F CN F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1095 CN F F H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1096 F F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1097 Cl F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1098 F Cl H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1099 CN F H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1100 F CN H F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1101 F F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1102 Cl F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1103 F Cl F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1104 CN F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1105 F CN F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1106 H F F F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1107 F F Br F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1108 F F C≡CH F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1109 CF₃ Cl H H F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1110 F F I F F C₂H₅ C₂H₅ CH₃ I.a.1111 F H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1112 Cl H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1113 Br H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1114 CN H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1115 CH₃ H H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1116 F H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1117 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1118 F H H Cl F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1119 Cl H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1120 CN H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1121 F H H CN F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1122 CN H H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1123 F H F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1124 Cl H F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1125 CN H F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1126 F F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1127 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1128 F Cl F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1129 Cl F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1130 CN F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1131 F CN F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1132 CN F F H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1133 F F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1134 Cl F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1135 F Cl H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1136 CN F H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1137 F CN H F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1138 F F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1139 Cl F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1140 F Cl F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1141 CN F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1142 F CN F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1143 H F F F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1144 F F Br F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1145 F F C≡CH F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1146 CF₃ Cl H H F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1147 F F I F F C₂H₅ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1148 F H H H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1149 Cl H H H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1150 Br H H H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1151 CN H H H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1152 CH₃ H H H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1153 F H H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1154 Cl H H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1155 F H H Cl F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1156 Cl H H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1157 CN H H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1158 F H H CN F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1159 CN H H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1160 F H F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1161 Cl H F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1162 CN H F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1163 F F F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1164 Cl F F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1165 F Cl F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1166 Cl F F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1167 CN F F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1168 F CN F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1169 CN F F H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1170 F F H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1171 Cl F H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1172 F Cl H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1173 CN F H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1174 F CN H F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1175 F F F F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1176 Cl F F F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1177 F Cl F F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1178 CN F F F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1179 F CN F F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1180 H F F F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1181 F F Br F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1182 F F C≡CH F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1183 CF₃ Cl H H F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1184 F F I F F Cl CH₃ H I.a.1185 F H H H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1186 Cl H H H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1187 Br H H H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1188 CN H H H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1189 CH₃ H H H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1190 F H H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1191 Cl H H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1192 F H H Cl F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1193 Cl H H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1194 CN H H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1195 F H H CN F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1196 CN H H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1197 F H F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1198 Cl H F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1199 CN H F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1200 F F F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1201 Cl F F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1202 F Cl F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1203 Cl F F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1204 CN F F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1205 F CN F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1206 CN F F H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1207 F F H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1208 Cl F H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1209 F Cl H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1210 CN F H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1211 F CN H F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1212 F F F F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1213 Cl F F F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1214 F Cl F F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1215 CN F F F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1216 F CN F F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1217 H F F F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1218 F F Br F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1219 F F C≡CH F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1220 CF₃ Cl H H F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1221 F F I F F CH₂Cl Cl CH₃ I.a.1222 F H H H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1223 Cl H H H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1224 Br H H H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1225 CN H H H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1226 CH₃ H H H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1227 F H H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1228 Cl H H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1229 F H H Cl F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1230 Cl H H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1231 CN H H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1232 F H H CN F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1233 CN H H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1234 F H F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1235 Cl H F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1236 CN H F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1237 F F F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1238 Cl F F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1239 F Cl F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1240 Cl F F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1241 CN F F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1242 F CN F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1243 CN F F H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1244 F F H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1245 Cl F H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1246 F Cl H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1247 CN F H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1248 F CN H F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1249 F F F F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1250 Cl F F F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1251 F Cl F F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1252 CN F F F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1253 F CN F F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1254 H F F F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1255 F F Br F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1256 F F C≡CH F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1257 CF₃ Cl H H F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1258 F F I F F CN CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1259 F H H H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1260 Cl H H H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1261 Br H H H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1262 CN H H H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1263 CH₃ H H H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1264 F H H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1265 Cl H H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1266 F H H Cl F OCH₃ H H I.a.1267 Cl H H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1268 CN H H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1269 F H H CN F OCH₃ H H I.a.1270 CN H H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1271 F H F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1272 Cl H F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1273 CN H F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1274 F F F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1275 Cl F F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1276 F Cl F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1277 Cl F F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1278 CN F F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1279 F CN F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1280 CN F F H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1281 F F H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1282 Cl F H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1283 F Cl H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1284 CN F H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1285 F CN H F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1286 F F F F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1287 Cl F F F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1288 F Cl F F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1289 CN F F F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1290 F CN F F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1291 H F F F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1292 F F Br F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1293 F F C≡CH F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1294 CF₃ Cl H H F OCH₃ H H I.a.1295 F F I F F OCH₃ H H I.a.1296 F H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1297 Cl H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1298 Br H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1299 CN H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1300 CH₃ H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1301 F H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1302 Cl H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1303 F H H Cl F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1304 Cl H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1305 CN H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1306 F H H CN F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1307 CN H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1308 F H F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1309 Cl H F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1310 CN H F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1311 F F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1312 Cl F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1313 F Cl F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1314 Cl F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1315 CN F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1316 F CN F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1317 CN F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1318 F F H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1319 Cl F H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1320 F Cl H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1321 CN F H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1322 F CN H F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1323 F F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1324 Cl F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1325 F Cl F F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1326 CN F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1327 F CN F F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1328 H F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1329 F F Br F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1330 F F C≡CH F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1331 CF₃ Cl H H F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1332 F F I F F OCH₃ CH₃ H I.a.1333 F H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1334 Cl H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1335 Br H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1336 CN H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1337 CH₃ H H H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1338 F H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1339 Cl H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1340 F H H Cl F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1341 Cl H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1342 CN H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1343 F H H CN F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1344 CN H H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1345 F H F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1346 Cl H F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1347 CN H F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1348 F F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1349 Cl F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1350 F Cl F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1351 Cl F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1352 CN F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1353 F CN F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1354 CN F F H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1355 F F H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1356 Cl F H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1357 F Cl H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1358 CN F H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1359 F CN H F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1360 F F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1361 Cl F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1362 F Cl F F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1363 CN F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1364 F CN F F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1365 H F F F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1366 F F Br F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1367 F F C≡CH F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1368 CF₃ Cl H H F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1369 F F I F F OCH₃ CH₃ CH₃ I.a.1370 F H H H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1371 Cl H H H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1372 Br H H H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1373 CN H H H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1374 CH₃ H H H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1375 F H H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1376 Cl H H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1377 F H H Cl F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1378 Cl H H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1379 CN H H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1380 F H H CN F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1381 CN H H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1382 F H F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1383 Cl H F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1384 CN H F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1385 F F F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1386 Cl F F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1387 F Cl F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1388 Cl F F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1389 CN F F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1390 F CN F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1391 CN F F H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1392 F F H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1393 Cl F H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1394 F Cl H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1395 CN F H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1396 F CN H F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1397 F F F F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1398 Cl F F F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1399 F Cl F F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1400 CN F F F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1401 F CN F F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1402 H F F F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1403 F F Br F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1404 F F C≡CH F F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1405 CF₃ Cl H H F H —O(CH₂)₃— I.a.1406 F F I F F H —O(CH₂)₃—

The herbicidal compounds useful for the present invention may further be used in conjunction with additional herbicides to which the crop plant is naturally tolerant or to which has been made tolerant by mutagenesis as described SUPRA, or to which it is resistant via expression of one or more additional transgenes as mentioned supra. The herbicides useful for the present invention are often best applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to obtain control of a wider variety of undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with other herbicides (hereinafter referred to a compound B), the presently claimed compounds can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides, or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides.

The further herbicidal compound B (component B) is in particular selected from the herbicides of class b1) to b15):

-   b1) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors; -   b2) acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS inhibitors); -   b3) photosynthesis inhibitors; -   b4) protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors, -   b5) bleacher herbicides; -   b6) enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase inhibitors (EPSP     inhibitors); -   b7) glutamine synthetase inhibitors; -   b8) 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors (DHP inhibitors); -   b9) mitosis inhibitors; -   b10) inhibitors of the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids     (VLCFA inhibitors); -   b11) cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors; -   b12) decoupler herbicides; -   b13) auxinic herbicides; -   b14) auxin transport inhibitors; and -   b15) other herbicides selected from the group consisting of     bromobutide, chlorflurenol, chlorflurenol-methyl, cinmethylin,     cumyluron, dalapon, dazomet, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-metilsulfate,     dimethipin, DSMA, dymron, endothal and its salts, etobenzanid,     flamprop, flamprop-isopropyl, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl,     flamprop-M-methyl, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, flurprimidol, fosamine,     fosamine-ammonium, indanofan, indaziflam, maleic hydrazide,     mefluidide, metam, methiozolin (CAS 403640-27-7), methyl azide,     methyl bromide, methyl-dymron, methyl iodide, MSMA, oleic acid,     oxaziclomefone, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb, quinoclamine,     triaziflam, tridiphane and     6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methylphenoxy)-4-pyridazinol (CAS     499223-49-3) and its salts and esters;

including their agriculturally acceptable salts or derivatives such as ethers, esters or amides.

Preference is given to those compositions according to the present invention comprising at least one herbicide B selected from herbicides of class b1, b6, b9, b10 and b11.

Examples of herbicides B which can be used in combination with the compounds of formula (I) according to the present invention are:

b1) from the group of the lipid biosynthesis inhibitors:

ACC-herbicides such as alloxydim, alloxydim-sodium, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, cyhalofop, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofop, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fluazifop, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P-butyl, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop-P, haloxyfop-P-methyl, metamifop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop-ethyl, quizalofop-tefuryl, quizalofop-P, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim, 4-(4′-Chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2′-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one (CAS 1312337-72-6); 4-(2′,4′-Dichloro-4-cyclopropyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one (CAS 1312337-45-3); 4-(4′-Chloro-4-ethyl-2′-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one (CAS 1033757-93-5); 4-(2′,4′-Dichloro-4-ethyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3,5(4H,6H)-dione (CAS 1312340-84-3); 5-(Acetyloxy)-4-(4′-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2′-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3-one (CAS 1312337-48-6); 5-(Acetyloxy)-4-(2′,4′-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3-one; 5-(Acetyloxy)-4-(4′-chloro-4-ethyl-2′-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3-one (CAS 1312340-82-1); 5-(Acetyloxy)-4-(2′,4′-dichloro-4-ethyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3-one (CAS 1033760-55-2); 4-(4′-Chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2′-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl carbonic acid methyl ester (CAS 1312337-51-1); 4-(2′,4′-Dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-3-ylcarbonic acid methyl ester; 4-(4′-Chloro-4-ethyl-2′-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-3-ylcarbonic acid methyl ester (CAS 1312340-83-2); 4-(2′,4′-Dichloro-4-ethyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl carbonic acid methyl ester (CAS 1033760-58-5); and non ACC herbicides such as benfuresate, butylate, cycloate, dalapon, dimepiperate, EPTC, esprocarb, ethofumesate, flupropanate, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, prosulfocarb, TCA, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, triallate and vernolate;

b2) from the group of the ALS inhibitors:

sulfonylureas such as amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethametsulfuron, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, iofensulfuron, iofensulfuron-sodium, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, propyrisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl and tritosulfuron, imidazolinones such as imazamethabenz, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin and imazethapyr, triazolopyrimidine herbicides and sulfonanilides such as cloransulam, cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, flumetsulam, florasulam, metosulam, penoxsulam, pyrimisulfan and pyroxsulam, pyrimidinylbenzoates such as bispyribac, bispyribac-sodium, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, 4-[[[2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]phenyl]methyl]amino]-benzoic acid-1-methylethyl ester (CAS 420138-41-6), 4-[[[2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]phenyl]methyl]amino]-benzoic acid propyl ester (CAS 420138-40-5), N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzenemethanamine (CAS 420138-01-8), sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinone herbicides such as flucarbazone, flucarbazone-sodium, propoxycarbazone, propoxycarbazone-sodium, thiencarbazone and thiencarbazone-methyl; and triafamone; among these, a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to those compositions comprising at least one imidazolinone herbicide;

b3) from the group of the photosynthesis inhibitors:

amicarbazone, inhibitors of the photosystem II, e.g. triazine herbicides, including of chlorotriazine, triazinones, triazindiones, methylthiotriazines and pyridazinones such as ametryn, atrazine, chloridazone, cyanazine, desmetryn, dimethametryn, hexazinone, metribuzin, prometon, prometryn, propazine, simazine, simetryn, terbumeton, terbuthylazin, terbutryn and trietazin, aryl urea such as chlorobromuron, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, dimefuron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, isouron, linuron, metamitron, methabenzthiazuron, metobenzuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, neburon, siduron, tebuthiuron and thiadiazuron, phenyl carbamates such as desmedipham, karbutilat, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, nitrile herbicides such as bromofenoxim, bromoxynil and its salts and esters, ioxynil and its salts and esters, uraciles such as bromacil, lenacil and terbacil, and bentazon and bentazon-sodium, pyridate, pyridafol, pentanochlor and propanil and inhibitors of the photosystem I such as diquat, diquat-dibromide, paraquat, paraquat-dichloride and paraquat-dimetilsulfate. Among these, a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to those compositions comprising at least one aryl urea herbicide. Among these, likewise a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to those compositions comprising at least one triazine herbicide. Among these, likewise a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to those compositions comprising at least one nitrile herbicide;

b4) from the group of the protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors:

acifluorfen, acifluorfen-sodium, azafenidin, bencarbazone, benzfendizone, bifenox, butafenacil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, chlomethoxyfen, cinidon-ethyl, fluazolate, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumiclorac, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluoroglycofen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fluthiacet, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazone, profluazol, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, pyraflufen-ethyl, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, thidiazimin, tiafenacil, ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate (CAS 353292-31-6; S-3100), N-ethyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 452098-92-9), N-tetrahydrofurfuryl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 915396-43-9), N-ethyl-3-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 452099-05-7), N-tetrahydrofurfuryl-3-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 452100-03-7), 3-[7-fluoro-3-oxo-4-(prop-2-ynyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl]-1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-[1,3,5]triazinan-2,4-dione, 1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-3-(2,2,7-trifluoro-3-oxo-4-(prop-2-ynyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-dione (CAS 1258836-72-4), 2-(2,2,7-Trifluoro-3-oxo-4-prop-2-ynyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-isoindole-1,3-dione, 1-Methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3-(2,2,7-trifluoro-3-oxo-4-prop-2-ynyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione, methyl (E)-4-[2-chloro-5-[4-chloro-5-(difluoromethoxy)-1H-methyl-pyrazol-3-yl]-4-fluoro-phenoxy]-3-methoxy-but-2-enoate [CAS 948893-00-3], and 3-[7-Chloro-5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-4-yl]-1-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (CAS 212754-02-4);

b5) from the group of the bleacher herbicides:

PDS inhibitors: beflubutamid, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, norflurazon, picolinafen, and 4-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyrimidine (CAS 180608-33-7), HPPD inhibitors: benzobicyclon, benzofenap, clomazone, fenquintrione, isoxaflutole, mesotrione, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, topramezone and bicyclopyrone, bleacher, unknown target: aclonifen, amitrole and flumeturon;

b6) from the group of the EPSP synthase inhibitors:

glyphosate, glyphosate-isopropylammonium, glyposate-potassium and glyphosate-trimesium (sulfosate);

b7) from the group of the glutamine synthase inhibitors:

bilanaphos (bialaphos), bilanaphos-sodium, glufosinate, glufosinate-P and glufosinate-ammonium;

b8) from the group of the DHP synthase inhibitors:

asulam;

b9) from the group of the mitosis inhibitors:

compounds of group K1: dinitroanilines such as benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine and trifluralin, phosphoramidates such as amiprophos, amiprophos-methyl, and butamiphos, benzoic acid herbicides such as chlorthal, chlorthal-dimethyl, pyridines such as dithiopyr and thiazopyr, benzamides such as propyzamide and tebutam; compounds of group K2: chlorpropham, propham and carbetamide, among these, compounds of group K1, in particular dinitroanilines are preferred;

b10) from the group of the VLCFA inhibitors:

chloroacetamides such as acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, metolachlor, metolachlor-S, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor and thenylchlor, oxyacetanilides such as flufenacet and mefenacet, acetanilides such as diphenamid, naproanilide, napropamide and napropamide-M, tetrazolinones such fentrazamide, and other herbicides such as anilofos, cafenstrole, fenoxasulfone, ipfencarbazone, piperophos, pyroxasulfone and isoxazoline compounds of the formulae 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8 and 11.9

the isoxazoline compounds of the formula (1)₁ are known in the art, e.g. from WO 2006/024820, WO 2006/037945, WO 2007/071900 and WO 2007/096576; among the VLCFA inhibitors, preference is given to chloroacetamides and oxyacetamides;

b11) from the group of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors:

chlorthiamid, dichlobenil, flupoxam, isoxaben and 1-Cyclohexyl-5-pentafluorphenyloxy-1⁴-[1,2,4,6]thiatriazin-3-ylamine;

b12) from the group of the decoupler herbicides:

dinoseb, dinoterb and DNOC and its salts;

b13) from the group of the auxinic herbicides:

2,4-D and its salts and esters such as clacyfos, 2,4-DB and its salts and esters, aminocyclopyrachlor and its salts and esters, aminopyralid and its salts such as aminopyralid-dimethylammonium, aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium and its esters, benazolin, benazolin-ethyl, chloramben and its salts and esters, clomeprop, clopyralid and its salts and esters, dicamba and its salts and esters, dichlorprop and its salts and esters, dichlorprop-P and its salts and esters, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr-butometyl, fluroxypyr-meptyl, halauxifen and its salts and esters (CAS 943832-60-8); MCPA and its salts and esters, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB and its salts and esters, mecoprop and its salts and esters, mecoprop-P and its salts and esters, picloram and its salts and esters, quinclorac, quinmerac, TBA (2,3,6) and its salts and esters and triclopyr and its salts and esters;

b14) from the group of the auxin transport inhibitors: diflufenzopyr, diflufenzopyr-sodium, naptalam and naptalam-sodium;

b15) from the group of the other herbicides: bromobutide, chlorflurenol, chlorflurenol-methyl, cinmethylin, cumyluron, cyclopyrimorate (CAS 499223-49-3) and its salts and esters, dalapon, dazomet, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-metilsulfate, dimethipin, DSMA, dymron, endothal and its salts, etobenzanid, flamprop, flamprop-isopropyl, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, flurprimidol, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, indanofan, indaziflam, maleic hydrazide, mefluidide, metam, methiozolin (CAS 403640-27-7), methyl azide, methyl bromide, methyl-dymron, methyl iodide, MSMA, oleic acid, oxaziclomefone, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb, quinoclamine, triaziflam and tridiphane.

Active compounds B and C having a carboxyl group can be employed in the form of the acid, in the form of an agriculturally suitable salt as mentioned above or else in the form of an agriculturally acceptable derivative in the compositions according to the invention.

In the case of dicamba, suitable salts include those, where the counterion is an agriculturally acceptable cation. For example, suitable salts of dicamba are dicamba-sodium, dicamba-potassium, dicamba-methylammonium, dicamba-dimethylammonium, dicamba-isopropylammonium, dicamba-diglycolamine, dicamba-olamine, dicamba-diolamine, dicamba-trolamine, dicamba-N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine and dicamba-diethylenetriamine. Examples of a suitable ester are dicamba-methyl and dicamba-butotyl.

Suitable salts of 2,4-D are 2,4-D-ammonium, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, 2,4-D-diethylammonium, 2,4-D-diethanolammonium (2,4-D-diolamine), 2,4-D-triethanol-ammonium, 2,4-D-isopropylammonium, 2,4-D-triisopropanolammonium, 2,4-D-heptylammonium, 2,4-D-dodecylammonium, 2,4-D-tetradecylammonium, 2,4-D-triethylammonium, 2,4-D-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-tris(isopropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-trolamine, 2,4-D-lithium, 2,4-D-sodium. Examples of suitable esters of 2,4-D are 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-ethyl, 2,4-D-ethylhexyl, 2,4-D-isobutyl, 2,4-D-isooctyl, 2,4-D-isopropyl, 2,4-D-meptyl, 2,4-D-methyl, 2,4-D-octyl, 2,4-D-pentyl, 2,4-D-propyl, 2,4-D-tefuryl and clacyfos.

Suitable salts of 2,4-DB are for example 2,4-DB-sodium, 2,4-DB-potassium and 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium. Suitable esters of 2,4-DB are for example 2,4-DB-butyl and 2,4-DB-isoctyl.

Suitable salts of dichlorprop are for example dichlorprop-sodium, dichlorprop-potassium and dichlorprop-dimethylammonium. Examples of suitable esters of dichlorprop are dichlorprop-butotyl and dichlorprop-isoctyl.

Suitable salts and esters of MCPA include MCPA-butotyl, MCPA-butyl, MCPA-dime-thylammonium, MCPA-diolamine, MCPA-ethyl, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-isobutyl, MCPA-isoctyl, MCPA-isopropyl, MCPA-isopropylammonium, MCPA-methyl, MCPA-olamine, MCPA-potassium, MCPA-sodium and MCPA-trolamine.

A suitable salt of MCPB is MCPB sodium. A suitable ester of MCPB is MCPB-ethyl.

Suitable salts of clopyralid are clopyralid-potassium, clopyralid-olamine and clopyralid-tris-(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium. Example of suitable esters of clopyralid is clopyralid-methyl.

Examples of a suitable ester of fluroxypyr are fluroxypyr-meptyl and fluroxypyr-2-butoxy-1-methylethyl, wherein fluroxypyr-meptyl is preferred.

Suitable salts of picloram are picloram-dimethylammonium, picloram-potassium, picloram-triisopropanolammonium, picloram-triisopropylammonium and picloram-trolamine. A suitable ester of picloram is picloram-isoctyl.

A suitable salt of triclopyr is triclopyr-triethylammonium. Suitable esters of triclopyr are for example triclopyr-ethyl and triclopyr-butotyl.

Suitable salts and esters of chloramben include chloramben-ammonium, chloramben-diolamine, chloramben-methyl, chloramben-methylammonium and chloramben-sodium. Suitable salts and esters of 2,3,6-TBA include 2,3,6-TBA-dimethylammonium, 2,3,6-TBA-lithium, 2,3,6-TBA-potassium and 2,3,6-TBA-sodium.

Suitable salts and esters of aminopyralid include aminopyralid-potassium, aminopyralid-dimethylammonium, and aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium.

Suitable salts of glyphosate are for example glyphosate-ammonium, glyphosate-diammonium, glyphoste-dimethylammonium, glyphosate-isopropylammonium, glyphosate-potassium, glyphosate-sodium, glyphosate-trimesium as well as the ethanolamine and diethanolamine salts, preferably glyphosate-diammonium, glyphosate-isopropylammonium and glyphosate-trimesium (sulfosate).

A suitable salt of glufosinate is for example glufosinate-ammonium.

A suitable salt of glufosinate-P is for example glufosinate-P-ammonium.

Suitable salts and esters of bromoxynil are for example bromoxynil-butyrate, bromoxynil-heptanoate, bromoxynil-octanoate, bromoxynil-potassium and bromoxynil-sodium.

Suitable salts and esters of ioxonil are for example ioxonil-octanoate, ioxonil-potassium and ioxonil-sodium.

Suitable salts and esters of mecoprop include mecoprop-butotyl, mecoprop-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-diolamine, mecoprop-ethadyl, mecoprop-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-isoctyl, mecoprop-methyl, mecoprop-potassium, mecoprop-sodium and mecoprop-trolamine.

Suitable salts of mecoprop-P are for example mecoprop-P-butotyl, mecoprop-P-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-P-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-P-isobutyl, mecoprop-P-potassium and mecoprop-P-sodium.

A suitable salt of diflufenzopyr is for example diflufenzopyr-sodium.

A suitable salt of naptalam is for example naptalam-sodium.

Suitable salts and esters of aminocyclopyrachlor are for example aminocyclopyrachlor-dimethylammonium, aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, aminocyclopyrachlor-triisopropanolammonium, aminocyclopyrachlor-sodium and aminocyclopyrachlor-potassium.

A suitable salt of quinclorac is for example quinclorac-dimethylammonium.

A suitable salt of quinmerac is for example quinclorac-dimethylammonium.

A suitable salt of imazamox is for example imazamox-ammonium.

Suitable salts of imazapic are for example imazapic-ammonium and imazapic-isopropylammonium.

Suitable salts of imazapyr are for example imazapyr-ammonium and imazapyr-isopropylammonium.

A suitable salt of imazaquin is for example imazaquin-ammonium.

Suitable salts of imazethapyr are for example imazethapyr-ammonium and imazethapyr-isopropylammonium.

A suitable salt of topramezone is for example topramezone-sodium.

Particularly preferred herbicidal compounds B are the herbicides B as defined above; in particular the herbicides B.1-B.189 listed below in table B:

TABLE B Herbicide B B.1 clethodim B.2 clodinafop-propargyl B.3 cycloxydim B.4 cyhalofop-butyl B.5 fenoxaprop-ethyl B.6 fenoxaprop-P-ethyl B.7 metamifop B.8 pinoxaden B.9 profoxydim B.10 sethoxydim B.11 tepraloxydim B.12 tralkoxydim B.13 esprocarb B.14 ethofumesate B.15 molinate B.16 prosulfocarb B.17 thiobencarb B.18 triallate B.19 bensulfuron-methyl B.20 bispyribac-sodium B.21 cloransulam-methyl B.22 chlorsulfuron B.23 clorimuron B.24 cyclosulfamuron B.25 diclosulam B.26 florasulam B.27 flumetsulam B.28 flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium B.29 foramsulfuron B.30 imazamox B.31 imazamox-ammonium B.32 imazapic B.33 imazapic-ammonium B.34 imazapic-isopropylammonium B.35 imazapyr B.36 imazapyr-ammonium B.37 imazapyr-isopropylammonium B.38 imazaquin B.39 imazaquin-ammonium B.40 imazethapyr B.41 imazethapyr-ammonium B.42 imazethapyr-isopropylammonium B.43 imazosulfuron B.44 iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium B.45 iofensulfuron B.46 iofensulfuron-sodium B.47 mesosulfuron-methyl B.48 metazosulfuron B.49 metsulfuron-methyl B.50 metosulam B.51 nicosulfuron B.52 penoxsulam B.53 propoxycarbazon-sodium B.54 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl B.55 pyribenzoxim B.56 pyriftalid B.57 pyroxsulam B.58 propyrisulfuron B.59 rimsulfuron B.60 sulfosulfuron B.61 thiencarbazone-methyl B.62 thifensulfuron-methyl B.63 tribenuron-methyl B.64 tritosulfuron B.65 triafamone B.66 ametryne B.67 atrazine B.68 bentazon B.69 bromoxynil B.70 bromoxynil-octanoate B.71 bromoxynil-heptanoate B.72 bromoxynil-potassium B.73 Diuron B.74 fluometuron B.75 hexazinone B.76 isoproturon B.77 linuron B.78 metamitron B.79 metribuzin B.80 propanil B.81 simazin B.82 terbuthylazine B.83 terbutryn B.84 paraquat-dichloride B.85 acifluorfen B.86 butafenacil B.87 carfentrazone-ethyl B.88 flumioxazin B.89 fomesafen B.90 oxadiargyl B.91 oxyfluorfen B.92 saflufenacil B.93 sulfentrazone B.94 ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5- (1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl- 2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- pyrimidin-3-yl)phenoxy]-2- pyridyloxy]acetate (CAS 353292-31-6) B.95 1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-3-(2,2,7- trifluoro-3-oxo-4-(prop-2-ynyl)- 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]- oxazin-6-yl)-1,3,5-triazinane- 2,4-dione (CAS 1258836-72-4) B.96 benzobicyclon B.97 clomazone B.98 diflufenican B.99 flurochloridone B.100 isoxaflutole B.101 mesotrione B.102 norflurazone B.103 picolinafen B.104 sulcotrione B.105 tefuryltrione B.106 tembotrione B.107 topramezone B.108 topramezone-sodium B.109 bicyclopyrone B.110 amitrole B.111 fluometuron B.112 fenquintrione B.113 glyphosate B.114 glyphosate-ammonium B.115 glyphosate-dimethylammonium B.116 glyphosate-isopropylammonium B.117 glyphosate-trimesium (sulfosate) B.118 glyphosate-potassium B.119 glufosinate B.120 glufosinate-ammonium B.121 glufosinate-P B.122 glufosinate-P-ammonium B.123 pendimethalin B.124 trifluralin B.125 acetochlor B.126 butachlor B.127 cafenstrole B.128 dimethenamid-P B.129 fentrazamide B.130 flufenacet B.131 mefenacet B.132 metazachlor B.133 metolachlor B.134 S-metolachlor B.135 pretilachlor B.136 fenoxasulfone B.137 isoxaben B.138 ipfencarbazone B.139 pyroxasulfone B.140 2,4-D B.141 2,4-D-isobutyl B.142 2,4-D-dimethylammonium B.143 2,4-D-N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium B.144 aminopyralid B.145 aminopyralid-methyl B.146 aminopyralid-dimethyl-ammonium B.147 aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium B.148 clopyralid B.149 clopyralid-methyl B.150 clopyralid-olamine B.151 dicamba B.152 dicamba-butotyl B.153 dicamba-diglycolamine B.154 dicamba-dimethylammonium B.155 dicamba-diolamine B.156 dicamba-isopropylammonium B.157 dicamba-potassium B.158 dicamba-sodium B.159 dicamba-trolamine B.160 dicamba-N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine B.161 dicamba-diethylenetriamine B.162 fluroxypyr B.163 fluroxypyr-meptyl B.164 MCPA B.165 MCPA-2-ethylhexyl B.166 MCPA-dimethylammonium B.167 quinclorac B.168 quinclorac-dimethylammonium B.169 quinmerac B.170 quinmerac-dimethylammonium B.171 aminocyclopyrachlor B.172 aminocyclopyrachlor-potassium B.173 aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl B.174 diflufenzopyr B.175 diflufenzopyr-sodium B.176 dymron B.177 indanofan B.178 indaziflam B.179 oxaziclomefone B.180 triaziflam B.181 II.1 B.182 II.2 B.183 II.3 B.184 II.4 B.185 II.5 B.186 II.6 B.187 II.7 B.188 II.8 B.189 II.9

Moreover, it may be useful to apply the compounds of formula (I) in combination with safeners and optionally with one or more further heribicides. Safeners are chemical compounds which prevent or reduce damage on useful plants without having a major impact on the herbicidal action of the compounds of the formula (I) towards unwanted plants. They can be applied either before sowings (e.g. on seed treatments, shoots or seedlings) or in the pre-emergence application or post-emergence application of the useful plant. The safeners and the compounds of formula (I) and optionally the herbicides B can be applied simultaneously or in succession.

Suitable safeners are e.g. (quinolin-8-oxy)acetic acids, 1-phenyl-5-haloalkyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxylic acids, 1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-5-alkyl-1H-pyrazol-3,5-dicarboxylic acids, 4,5-dihydro-5,5-diaryl-3-isoxazol carboxylic acids, dichloroacetamides, alpha-oximinophenylacetonitriles, acetophenonoximes, 4,6-dihalo-2-phenylpyrimidines, N-[[4-(aminocarbonyl)phenyl]sulfonyl]-2-benzoic amides, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 2-halo-4-(haloalkyl)-5-thiazol carboxylic acids, phosphorthiolates and N-alkyl-O-phenylcarbamates and their agriculturally acceptable salts and their agriculturally acceptable derivatives such amides, esters, and thioesters, provided they have an acid group.

Examples of preferred safeners C are benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, oxabetrinil, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane (MON4660, CAS 71526-07-3), 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (R-29148, CAS 52836-31-4) and N-(2-Methoxybenzoyl)-4-[(methylaminocarbonyl)amino]benzenesulfonamide (CAS 129531-12-0).

Particularly preferred safeners C are the following compounds C.1 to C.17

C.1 benoxacor C.2 cloquintocet C.3 cloquintocet-mexyl C.4 cyprosulfamide C.5 dichlormid C.6 fenchlorazole C.7 fenchlorazole-ethyl C.8 fenclorim C.9 furilazole C.10 isoxadifen C.11 isoxadifen-ethyl C.12 mefenpyr C.13 mefenpyr-diethyl C.14 naphtalic acid anhydride C.15 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4- azaspiro[4.5]decane C.16 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloro- acetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine C.17 N-(2-Methoxybenzoyl)-4- [(methylaminocarbonyl)amino] benzenesulfonamide

The active compounds B of groups b1) to b15) and the safener compounds C are known herbicides and safeners, see, for example, The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names (http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/); Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000 volume 86, Meister Publishing Company, 2000; B. Hock, C. Fedtke, R. R. Schmidt, Herbizide [Herbicides], Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; W. H. Ahrens, Herbicide Handbook, 7th edition, Weed Science Society of America, 1994; and K. K. Hatzios, Herbicide Handbook, Supplement for the 7th edition, Weed Science Society of America, 1998. 2,2,5-Trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine [CAS No. 52836-31-4] is also referred to as R-29148. 4-(Dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane [CAS No. 71526-07-3] is also referred to as AD-67 and MON 4660.

The assignment of the active compounds to the respective mechanisms of action is based on current knowledge. If several mechanisms of action apply to one active compound, this substance was only assigned to one mechanism of action.

It is generally preferred to use the compounds of the invention in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. It is further generally preferred to apply the compounds of the invention and other complementary herbicides at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.

In another embodiment, the present invention refers to a method for identifying a herbicide by using a mutated TriA encoded by a nucleic acid which comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant or derivative thereof.

Said method comprises the steps of:

-   a) generating a transgenic cell or plant comprising a nucleic acid     encoding a mutated TriA, wherein the mutated TriA is expressed; -   b) applying a herbicide to the transgenic cell or plant of a) and to     a control cell or plant of the same variety; -   c) determining the growth or the viability of the transgenic cell or     plant and the control cell or plant after application of said     herbicide, and -   d) selecting “herbicides” which confer reduced growth to the control     cell or plant as compared to the growth of the transgenic cell or     plant.

As described above, the present invention teaches compositions and methods for increasing the tolerance of a crop plant or seed as compared to a wild-type variety of the plant or seed. In a preferred embodiment, the tolerance of a crop plant or seed is increased such that the plant or seed can withstand a herbicide application of preferably approximately 1-1000 g ai ha⁻¹, more preferably 1-200 g ai ha⁻¹, even more preferably 5-150 g ai ha⁻¹, and most preferably 10-100 g ai ha⁻¹. As used herein, to “withstand” a herbicide application means that the plant is either not killed or only moderately injured by such application. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the application rates may vary, depending on the environmental conditions such as temperature or humidity, and depending on the chosen kind of herbicide (active ingredient ai).

Post-emergent weed control methods useful in various embodiments hereof utilize about >0.3× application rates of herbicides; in some embodiments, this can be about, for example, >0.3λ, >0.4λ, >0.5λ, >0.6λ, >0.7λ, >0.8λ, >0.9λ, or >1× of herbicides. In one embodiment, herbicide-tolerant plants of the present invention have tolerance to a post-emergant application of a herbicides at an amount of about 25 to about 200 g ai/ha. In some embodiments, wherein the herbicide-tolerant plant is a dicot (e.g., soy, cotton), the post-emergant application of the herbicides is at an amount of about 50 g ai/ha. In another embodiment, wherein the herbicide-tolerant plant is a monocot (e.g., maize, rice, sorghum), the post-emergant application of the herbicides is at an amount of about 200 g ai/ha. In other embodiments, wherein the herbicide-tolerant plant is a Brassica (e.g., canola), the post-emergant application of the herbicides is at an amount of about 25 g ai/ha. In post-emergent weed control methods hereof, in some embodiments, the method can utilize herbicides application rates at about 7 to 10 days post-emergent. In another embodiment, the application rate can exceed 1× herbicides; in some embodiments, the rate can be up to 4× herbicides, though more typically it will be about 2.5× or less, or about 2× or less, or about 1× or less.

Furthermore, the present invention provides methods that involve the use of at least one herbicide, optionally in combination with one or more herbicidal compounds B, and, optionally, a safener C, as described in detail supra.

In these methods, the herbicide can be applied by any method known in the art including, but not limited to, seed treatment, soil treatment, and foliar treatment. Prior to application, the herbicide can be converted into the customary formulations, for example solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes and granules. The use form depends on the particular intended purpose; in each case, it should ensure a fine and even distribution of the compound according to the invention.

By providing plants having increased tolerance to herbicide, a wide variety of formulations can be employed for protecting plants from weeds, so as to enhance plant growth and reduce competition for nutrients. A herbicide can be used by itself for pre-emergence, post-emergence, pre-planting, and at-planting control of weeds in areas surrounding the crop plants described herein, or a herbicide formulation can be used that contains other additives. The herbicide can also be used as a seed treatment. Additives found in a herbicide formulation include other herbicides, detergents, adjuvants, spreading agents, sticking agents, stabilizing agents, or the like. The herbicide formulation can be a wet or dry preparation and can include, but is not limited to, flowable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, and liquid concentrates. The herbicide and herbicide formulations can be applied in accordance with conventional methods, for example, by spraying, irrigation, dusting, or the like.

Suitable formulations are described in detail in PCT/EP2009/063387 and PCT/EP2009/063386, which are incorporated herein by reference.

As disclosed herein, the TriA nucleic acids of the invention find use in enhancing the herbicide tolerance of plants that comprise in their genomes a gene encoding a herbicide-tolerant wild-type or mutated TriA protein. Such a gene may be an endogenous gene or a transgene, as described above. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the nucleic acids of the present invention can be stacked with any combination of polynucleotide sequences of interest in order to create plants with a desired phenotype. For example, the nucleic acids of the present invention may be stacked with any other polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having pesticidal and/or insecticidal activity, such as, for example, the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin proteins (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,892; 5,747,450; 5,737,514; 5,723,756; 5,593,881; and Geiser et al (1986) Gene 48: 109), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), Glyphosate acetyl transferase (GAT), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 4.1.3.18, also known as acetolactate synthase or ALS), hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), Phytoene desaturase (PD), Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and dicamba degrading enzymes as disclosed in WO 02/068607, or phenoxyaceticacid- and phenoxypropionicacid-derivative degrading enzymes as disclosed in WO 2008141154 or WO 2005107437. The combinations generated can also include multiple copies of any one of the polynucleotides of interest.

Consequently, Herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention can be used in conjunction with an herbicide to which they are tolerant. Herbicides can be applied to the plants of the invention using any techniques known to those skilled in the art. Herbicides can be applied at any point in the plant cultivation process. For example, herbicides can be applied pre-planting, at planting, pre-emergence, post-emergence or combinations thereof. Herbicides may be applied to seeds and dried to form a layer on the seeds.

In some embodiments, seeds are treated with a safener, followed by a post-emergent application of a herbicides. In one embodiment, the post-emergent application of the herbicides is about 7 to 10 days following planting of safener-treated seeds. In some embodiments, the safener is cloquintocet, dichlormid, fluxofenim, or combinations thereof.

Methods of Controlling Weeds or Undesired Vegetation

In other aspects, the present invention provides a method for controlling weeds at a locus for growth of a plant or plant part thereof, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising a herbicides to the locus.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method for controlling weeds at a locus for growth of a plant, the method comprising: applying an herbicide composition comprising herbicides to the locus; wherein said locus is: (a) a locus that contains: a plant or a seed capable of producing said plant; or (b) a locus that is to be after said applying is made to contain the plant or the seed; wherein the plant or the seed comprises in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.

Herbicide compositions hereof can be applied, e.g., as foliar treatments, soil treatments, seed treatments, or soil drenches. Application can be made, e.g., by spraying, dusting, broadcasting, or any other mode known useful in the art.

In one embodiment, herbicides can be used to control the growth of weeds that may be found growing in the vicinity of the herbicide-tolerant plants invention. In embodiments of this type, an herbicide can be applied to a plot in which herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention are growing in vicinity to weeds. An herbicide to which the herbicide-tolerant plant of the invention is tolerant can then be applied to the plot at a concentration sufficient to kill or inhibit the growth of the weed. Concentrations of herbicide sufficient to kill or inhibit the growth of weeds are known in the art and are disclosed above.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method for controlling weeds in the vicinity of a herbicide-tolerant plant of the invention. The method comprises applying an effective amount of a herbicides to the weeds and to the auxinic herbicide-tolerant plant, wherein the plant has increased tolerance to auxinic herbicide when compared to a wild-type plant. In some embodiments, the herbicide-tolerant plants of the invention are preferably crop plants, including, but not limited to, sunflower, alfalfa, Brassica sp., soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, tobacco, tomato, potato, wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, barley, rye, millet, and sorghum.

In other aspects, herbicide(s) (e.g., herbicides) can also be used as a seed treatment. In some embodiments, an effective concentration or an effective amount of herbicide(s), or a composition comprising an effective concentration or an effective amount of herbicide(s) can be applied directly to the seeds prior to or during the sowing of the seeds. Seed Treatment formulations may additionally comprise binders and optionally colorants.

Binders can be added to improve the adhesion of the active materials on the seeds after treatment. In one embodiments, suitable binders are block copolymers EO/PO surfactants but also polyvinylalcoholsl, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polybutenes, polyisobutylenes, polystyrene, polyethyleneamines, polyethyleneamides, polyethyleneimines (Lupasol®, Polymin®), polyethers, polyurethans, polyvinylacetate, tylose and copolymers derived from these polymers. Optionally, also colorants can be included in the formulation. Suitable colorants or dyes for seed treatment formulations are Rhodamin B, C.I. Pigment Red 112, C.I. Solvent Red 1, pigment blue 15:4, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15: 1, pigment blue 80, pigment yellow 1, pigment yellow 13, pigment red 1 12, pigment red 48:2, pigment red 48: 1, pigment red 57: 1, pigment red 53:1, pigment orange 43, pigment orange 34, pigment orange 5, pigment green 36, pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10, basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9, acid yellow 23, basic red 10, basic red 108.

The term seed treatment comprises all suitable seed treatment techniques known in the art, such as seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, and seed pelleting. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating soil by the application, in particular into the seed drill: either of a granular formulation containing the herbicides as a composition/formulation (e.g., a granular formulation), with optionally one or more solid or liquid, agriculturally acceptable carriers and/or optionally with one or more agriculturally acceptable surfactants. This method is advantageously employed, for example, in seedbeds of cereals, maize, cotton, and sunflower.

The present invention also comprises seeds coated with or containing with a seed treatment formulation comprising herbicides and at least one other herbicide such as, e.g.; an AHAS-inhibitor selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethametsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metsulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, cloransulam, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, penoxsulam, bispyribac, pyriminobac, propoxycarbazone, flucarbazone, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid and pyrithiobac.

The term “coated with and/or containing” generally signifies that the active ingredient is for the most part on the surface of the propagation product at the time of application, although a greater or lesser part of the ingredient may penetrate into the propagation product, depending on the method of application. When the said propagation product is (re)planted, it may absorb the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the seed treatment application with herbicides or with a formulation comprising the herbicides is carried out by spraying or dusting the seeds before sowing of the plants and before emergence of the plants.

In other embodiments, in the treatment of seeds, the corresponding formulations are applied by treating the seeds with an effective amount of herbicides or a formulation comprising the herbicides.

In other aspects, the present invention provides a method for combating undesired vegetation or controlling weeds comprising contacting the seeds of the herbicide-tolerant plants of the present invention before sowing and/or after pregermination with herbicides.

The method can further comprise sowing the seeds, for example, in soil in a field or in a potting medium in greenhouse. The method finds particular use in combating undesired vegetation or controlling weeds in the immediate vicinity of the seed. The control of undesired vegetation is understood as the killing of weeds and/or otherwise retarding or inhibiting the normal growth of the weeds. Weeds, in the broadest sense, are understood as meaning all those plants which grow in locations where they are undesired.

The weeds of the present invention include, for example, dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds. Dicotyledonous weeds include, but are not limited to, weeds of the genera: Sinapis, Lepiclium, Galium, Stellaria, Matricaria, Anthemis, Galinsoga, Chenopodium, Urtica, Senecio, Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xanthium, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polygonum, Sesbania, Ambrosia, Cirsium, Carduus, Sonchus, Solarium, Rorippa, Rotala, Lindernia, Lamium, Veronica, Abutilon, Emex, Datura, Viola, Galeopsis, Papaver, Centaurea, Trifolium, Ranunculus, and Taraxacum. Monocotyledonous weeds include, but are not limited to, weeds of the genera: Echinochloa, Setaria, Panicum, Digitaria, Phleum, Poa, Festuca, Eleusine, Brachiaria, Lolium, Bromus, Avena, Cyperus, Sorghum, Agropyron, Cynodon, Monochoria, Fimbristyslis, Sagittaria, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Paspalum, Ischaemum, Sphenoclea, Dactyloctenium, Agrostis, Alopecurus, and Apera.

In addition, the weeds of the present invention can include, for example, crop plants that are growing in an undesired location. For example, a volunteer maize plant that is in a field that predominantly comprises soybean plants can be considered a weed, if the maize plant is undesired in the field of soybean plants.

In other embodiments, in the treatment of seeds, the corresponding formulations are applied by treating the seeds with an effective amount of herbicides or a formulation comprising the herbicides.

In still further aspects, treatment of loci, plants, plant parts, or seeds of the present invention comprises application of an agronomically acceptable composition that does not contain an A.I. In one embodiment, the treatment comprises application of an agronomically acceptable composition that does not contain a herbicides A.I. In some embodiments, the treatment comprises application of an agronomically acceptable composition that does not contain a herbicides A.L, wherein the composition comprises one or more of agronomically-acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, plant growth regulators, and the like. In other embodiments, the treatment comprises application of an agronomically acceptable composition that does not contain a herbicides A.I., wherein the composition comprises an adjuvant. In one embodiment, the adjuvant is a surfactant, a spreader, a sticker, a penetrant, a drift-control agent, a crop oil, an emulsifier, a compatibility agent, or combinations thereof.

It should also be understood that the foregoing relates to preferred embodiments of the present invention and that numerous changes may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof, which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1: Bacterial strains. Chemical competent Escherichia coli TOP10 (Life Technologies; US) and BL21(DE3) Gold (Agilent Technologies; Germany) was used a recipient in transformation experiments. Transformation was done as described by Maniatis et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Habor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Habor; N.Y. (1982). Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to introduce the T-DNA region into Arabidopsis, corn and soybean.

Bacterial cultures were routinely grown on Luria broth (LB) or at 37° C. on LB mixed with agar (15% w/v). LB was also supplemented with antibiotic kanamycin and/or chloramphenicol where required. Plasmid DNA was prepared using GeneJet Plasmid Miniprep kit (Thermo Scientific, US). TriA and variants of thereof were generated by gene synthesis (Eurofins, Germany). Synthesized genes harboring Xhol and NcoI restriction sites were cloned into pET24d N-HIS vector with kanamycin resistance. Chaperone plasmid pGro7 (chaperones groEL and groES) with chloramphenicol resistance was obtained from TaKaRa (Japan).

EXAMPLE 2: Gene synthesis, restriction digestion and cloning. Gene synthesis an appropriate cloning into the pMK-RQ vector was done by Eurofins (Germany). Restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Restriction enzymes were used according to manufactures instructions.

EXAMPLE 3: Protein Purification. TriA and variants thereof were produced in E. coli BL21(DE3) Gold (Agilent Technologies, Germany). Therefore E. coli was transformed with appropriate pET24d N-HIS tag expression vector and chaperone plasmid pGro7 (chaperones groEL and groES). Bacterial strains were grown at 30° C. in 100 mL LB for 20 h and protein expression induced with 0.1 mM IPTG at 25° C. for 20 hs. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3000 rpm at 4° C. for 20 min, resuspended in Bug Buster protein extraction reagent (Novagen, Germany) according to manufactures instructions. Lysates were clarified by centrifugation. Samples of bovine serum albumin (5, 10, and 20 g) were loaded onto each gel analyzed by densitometry to provide an internal standard. Protein determinations were verified using Coomassie protein assay dye, according to manufactures instruction (Thermo Scientific; USA). The HIS-tagged enzymes were purified by metal ion affinity chromatography using Ni-IDA 1000 kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) following manufactures instructions. Protein purity was accessed by SDS-PAGE using NuPAGE Novex 4-12% Bis-Tris pre-cast gels (Life Technologies; USA) stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (Serve, Germany). Protein concentrations were estimated by measuring absorbance at 280 nm using Lambda Bio+(Perkin Elmer, USA).

EXAMPLE 4: Enzyme kinetics. Resting cell suspension containing triA gene were incubated with various azines, melamine and atrazine and the culture filtrate was analyzed by UPLC-HR-MS. Substrates were obtained either from Sigma-Aldrich or synthesized internally. Synthetic standards and enzyme reaction products were analysed by UPLC-HR-MS (Thermo/Dionex UPLC UltiMate3000 coupled to a QExactive high resolution mass spectrometer). A Waters Acquity HSS T3 column (2.1 mm; 100 mm; 1.8 uM) was used with a mobile phase water/acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) with a flow rate of 0.6 ul min⁻¹. Enzymes were used solved 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) with substrate concentration in the range of 1 nM to 10 nM at 30° C. Over time, the original azine peak disappeared whereas the formed OH-Metabolite (reaction product) increased. The product was identified by determination of the exact formula and by analysis of the accurate MS-MS fragments. Moreover for some of the formed products authentic standards were co-eluted. Degradation in % was calculated against the cells harboring the empty vector as control. The results are shown in Table 3.

6-cyclopentyl-N4- (2,3,4,5,6- pentafluorophenyl)- 1,3,5-triazine-2,4- Mutation Melamine diamine L92A 97 0 L92C 100 0 L92D 66 0 L92E 99 0 L92F 0 0 L92G 23 5 L92H 29 0 L92I 100 0 L92K 0 0 L92M 61 0 L92N 100 0 L92P 0 0 L92Q 100 16 L92R 0 0 L92S 98 93 L92T 100 83 L92V 100 10 L92W 0 0 L92Y 0 0 Y93A 97 0 Y93C 100 0 Y93D 23 0 Y93E 97 0 Y93F 100 0 Y93G 81 0 Y93H 100 9 Y93I 87 5 Y93K 3 0 Y93L 90 0 Y93M 80 0 Y93N 99 0 Y93P 0 1 Y93Q 92 8 Y93R 92 0 Y93S 20 0 Y93T 100 0 Y93V 86 0 Y93W 77 0 M155A 50 0 M155C 45 0 M155D 46 0 M155E 0 0 M155F 9 0 M155G 0 0 M155H 0 0 M155I 0 0 M155K 50 0 M155L 54 7 M155N 7 0 M155P 73 7 M155Q 66 0 M155R 0 0 M155S 31 0 M155T 73 0 M155V 44 0 M155W 0 0 M155Y 50 0 M157A 94 2 M157C 50 1 M157D 0 0 M157E 94 0 M157G 71 0 M157H 51 4 M1571 96 0 M157K 75 6 M157L 99 0 M157M 100 0 M157N 100 0 M157P 44 0 M157Q 100 0 M157R 100 0 M157S 53 0 M157T 100 0 M157V 100 0 M157W 100 0 M157Y 99 0 L92CY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92DY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92EY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92GY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92HY93LM155TF157L 100 0 L92IY93LM155TF157L 100 0 L92MY93LM155TF157L 100 37 L92NY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92PY93LM155TF157L 24 0 L92QY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92SY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92TY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92VY93LM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93AM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93CM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93EM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93FM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93GM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93HM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93IM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93KM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93MM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93NM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93QM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93RM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY933M155TF157L 99 99 L92AY93TM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93VM155TF157L 100 100 L92AY93WM155TF157L 99 98 L92AY93LM155AF157L 99 100 L92AY93LM155CF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155GF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155HF157L 100 99 L92AY93LM155IF157L 99 100 L92AY93LM155KF157L 100 99 L92AY93LM155LF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155NF157L 98 100 L92AY93LM155PF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155QF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155SF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155VF157L 100 100 L92AY93LM155YF157L 100 74 L92AY93LM155TM157A 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157C 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157E 25 0 L92AY93LM155TM157G 96 99 L92AY93LM155TM157H 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157I 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157K 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157M 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157N 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157Q 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157R 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157S 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157T 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157V 100 99 L92AY93LM155TM157W 100 100 L92AY93LM155TM157Y 100 100

EXAMPLE 5: Directed evolution of amidohydrolase. The azines were docked into the active site of the triA model (based on the TrzN and AtzA crystal structure) by superimposing the molecules onto melamine. On this basis, the residues that form the active site and substrate binding pocket were identified. The main regions responsible for coordination of the active-site metal ion; residues known to be essential for the amidohydrolase activity; residues that form the hydrophobic “base” of the active site or are essential for hydrolase activity interactions with the aromatic ring of the substrate, were not changed. However, amino acids were modified in order to expand the enzyme pocket. The model was used on the one hand to predict amino acids targets away from the active site that may influence the acceptance of triazines in general, on the other hand the model was used to identify space requiring amino acids in the enzyme pocket which could be changed towards smaller amino acids having a similar hydrophobicity to achieve an accommodation of the more bulky azines without altering the enzyme activity. Additionally full saturation mutagenesis was done on preferred positions including 92, 93, 155 and 157. At some positions, changing the amino acid considerably increased the amidohydrolase activity for bulky azines.

To test for enzyme stability and protease resistance, solutions containing TriA protein in 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) were mixed with varying concentration of protease or left untreated. The protease employed was subtilisin A from Bacillus licheniformis obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Following an incubation period, these solutions were incubated with various azines, melamine or atrazine and the filtrate analyzed as described in Example 4. The results are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.

EXAMPLE 6: Generation of herbicide tolerant model plants. Generation of azine-tolerant Arabidopsis plants having mutated amidohydrolase sequences. For transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana, wildtype or amidohydrolase sequences based on SEQ ID NO: 1, encoding SEQ ID NO:2, are cloned with standard cloning techniques as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular cloning (2001) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) in a binary vector containing resistance marker gene cassette (AHAS) and mutated amidohydrolase sequence (marked as GOD in between ubiquitin promoter (PcUbi) and nopaline synthase terminator (NOS) sequence. Binary plasmids are introduced to Agrobacterium tumefaciens for plant transformation. Arabidopsis thaliana are transformed with mutated amidohydrolase sequences by floral dip method as decribed by McElver and Singh (WO 2008/124495). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants are subjected to TaqMan analysis for analysis of the number of integration loci.

EXAMPLE 7: Test for herbicide tolerant model plants. For selection of azine resistant Arabidopsis thaliana plants, expressing triA and variants thereof, are used. Selected Arabidopsis thaliana lines were assayed for improved resistance to azines like 6-cyclopentyl-N4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in 48-well plates. Therefore, T2-seeds are surface sterilized by stirring for 5 min in ethanol+water (70+30 by volume), rinsing one time with ethanol+water (70+30 by volume) and two times with sterile, deionized water. The seeds are resuspended in 0.1% agar dissolved in water (w/v). Four to five seeds per well are plated on solid nutrient medium consisting of half-strength murashige skoog nutrient solution, pH 5.8 (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiologia 40 Plantarum 15: 473-497). Compounds are dissolved in dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) and added to the medium prior to solidification (final DMSO concentration 0.1%). Multi well plates are incubated in a growth chamber at 22° C., 75% relative humidity and 110 μmol Phot*m-2*s-1 with 14: 10 h light: dark photoperiod. Growth inhibition is evaluated seven to ten days after seeding in comparison to wild type plants. Tolerance factors are calculated based on IC50 values of growth inhibition of transformed versus non-transformed Arabidopsis plants. Additionally, transgenic T2 or T3 Arabidopsis plants are tested for improved tolerance to cellulose biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides in greenhouse studies.

EXAMPLE 8: Generation and test of herbicide tolerance crops (soybean and corn). Binary vectors are generated as described in EXAMPLE 9. Soybean cv Jake are transformed as previously described by Siminszky et al., Phytochem Rev. 5:445-458 (2006). After regeneration, transformants are transplanted to soil in small pots, placed in growth chambers (16 hr day/8 hr night; 25° C. day/23° C. night; 65% relative humidity; 130-150 microE m-2 s-1) and subsequently tested for the presence of the T-DNA via Taqman analysis. After a few weeks, healthy, transgenic positive, single copy events are transplanted to larger pots and allowed to grow in the growth chamber. Plants are subsequently transferred to the greenhouse for T1 seed production and harvest.

An optimal shoot for cutting is about 3-4 inches tall, with at least two nodes present. Each cutting is taken from the original transformant (mother plant) and dipped into rooting hormone powder (indole-3-butyric acid, IBA). The cutting is then placed in oasis wedges inside a bio-dome. The mother plant is taken to maturity in the greenhouse and harvested for seed. Wild type cuttings are also taken simultaneously to serve as negative controls. The cuttings are kept in the bio-dome for 5-7 days. 7-10 days after transfer to oasis wedges, the roots are treated via nutrient solution with the herbicide. Typical phytotox symptoms, like club shaped root, are evaluated 3-4 days after treatment. Less or no injury of transgenic plants compared to wildtype plants are interpreted as herbicide tolerance. For the pre-emergence treatment, the culture containers used can be plastic flowerpots containing loamy sand with approximately 3.0% of humus as the substrate. The seeds of the test plants are sown separately for each species/event. The used active ingredients, which are suspended or emulsified in water, are applied directly after sowing by means of finely distributing nozzles. The containers are irrigated gently to promote germination and growth and subsequently covered with transparent plastic hoods until the plants had rooted.

This cover causes uniform germination of the test plants, unless this had been impaired by the active ingredients.

Immature corn embryos are transformed according to the procedure outlined in Peng et al. (WO2006/136596). Plants are tested for the presence of the T-DNA by Taqman analysis with the target being the nos terminator which is present in all constructs. Healthy looking plants are sent to the greenhouse for hardening and subsequent spray testing. The plants are individually transplanted into MetroMix 360 soil in 4″ pots. Once in the greenhouse (day/night cycle of 27° C./21° C. with 14 hour day length supported by 600 W high pressure sodium lights), they are allowed to grow for 14 days. Transgenic corn plants are cultivated to T1 seeds for herbicide tolerance testing. 14 days after transfer, the roots are treated via nutrient solution with the herbicide. Typical phytotox symptoms, like club shaped root, are evaluated 3-4 days after treatment. Less or no injury of transgenic plants compared to wildtype plants are interpreted as herbicide tolerance.

For the pre-emergence treatment, the culture containers used are plastic flowerpots containing loamy sand with approximately 3.0% of humus as the substrate. The seeds of the test plants are sown separately for each species/event. The used active ingredients, which are suspended or emulsified in water, are applied directly after sowing by means of finely distributing nozzles. The containers are irrigated gently to promote germination and growth and subsequently covered with transparent plastic hoods until the plants have rooted. This cover causes uniform germination of the test plants, unless this is impaired by the active ingredients.

For post emergence treatment, the test plants are first grown to a height of 3 to 15 cm, depending on the plant habit, and only then treated with the herbicides. For this purpose, the test plants are either sown directly, grown in the same containers or they are first grown separately and transplanted into the test containers a few days prior to treatment. Herbicide injury evaluations are taken at 2 and 3 weeks after treatment. Plant injury is rated on a scale of 0% to 100%, 0% being no injury and 100% being complete death. 100 means no emergence of the plants, or complete destruction of at least the aerial moieties, and 0 means no damage, or normal course of growth. A moderate herbicidal activity is given at values of at least 60, a good herbicidal activity is given at values of at least 70, and a very good herbicidal activity is given at values of at least 85.

T1 seeds were planted in an open flat with holes in the bottom to allow drainage. The flat was filled halfway to the top with Palmetto Medium C-3 Vermiculite. Sixty seeds were spread evenly on this layer, then covered with another layer of the vermiculite. Trays were watered and moved to the greenhouse under standard conditions and maintained well-watered using water/fertilizer solution for four days. After four days, germinated seedlings were removed from the vermiculite, roots gently cleaned to remove any media, and placed into a 15 mL glass tube filled with 6-cyclopentyl-N4-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in deionized water at the appropriate concentration. A small hole was punched in the cap to allow the root to slide into place. Tubes were placed into a black box with a hole in the top to hold the 15 mL tubes in place, and were grown under normal soybean conditions in a growth chamber for five days prior to imaging. The plants were digitally imaged and assessed for tolerance to the herbicide treatment. Tolerance was evaluated by comparison of shoot and/or root growth in comparison to an untransformed (wild-type) control The results are shown in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 9: Binary Vector Construction. Cloning methods e.g. use of restriction endonucleases to cut double stranded DNA at specific sites, agarose gel electrophoreses, purification of DNA fragments, transfer of nucleic acids onto nitrocellulose and nylon membranes, joining of DNA-fragments, transformation of E. coli cells and culture of bacteria were performed as described in Sambrook et al. (1989) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: ISBN 0-87965-309-6). Polymerase chain reaction was performed using Phusion™ High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB, Frankfurt, Germany) according to the manufactures instructions. In general, primers used in PCR were designed such, that at least 20 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the primer anneal perfectly with the template to amplify. Restriction sites were added by attaching the corresponding nucleotides of the recognition sites to the 5′ end of the primer. Fusion PCR, for example described by K. Heckman and L. R. Pease, Nature Protocols (2207) 2, 924-932 was used as an alternative method to join two fragments of interest, e.g. a promoter to a gene or a gene to a terminator. Gene Synthesis, as for example described by Czar et al. (Trends in Biotechnology, 2009, 27(2): 63-72), was performed by Life Technologies using their Geneart® service.

Genes were assessed for codon usage and the presence of restriction sites that might impede cloning efforts. Where necessary genes were codon optimized using standard protocols for maximum expression in the crop plant (for example see Puigbo et al. 2007 and Gasper et al. 2012) as well as removal of undesired restriction sites. Genes were either synthesized by GeneArt (Regensburg) or PCR-amplified using Phusion™ High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB, Frankfurt, Germany) according to the manufactures instructions from cDNA. In both cases a NcoI and/or AscI restriction site at the 5′terminus, and a SbfI restriction site at the 3′ terminus were introduced to enable cloning of these genes between functional elements such as promoters and terminators using these restriction sites. Promoter-terminator modules or promoter-intron-terminator modules were created by nucleotide synthesis. While joining terminator sequences to promoter sequences or promoter-intron sequences either via synthesis, recognition sequences for the restriction endonucleases were added to either side of the modules, and the recognition sites for the restriction endonucleases NcoI, AscI and SbfI were introduced between promoter and terminator or between introns and terminator. To obtain the final expression modules, PCR-amplified genes were cloned between promoter and terminator or intron and terminator via AscI and/or SbfI restriction sites. Completed binary vectors were used for transformation into E. coli as described in Sambrook et al. 1989.

Alternatively, gene synthesis, as for example described by Czar et al. (Trends in Biotechnology, 2009, 27(2): 63-72), can be performed by Life Technologies using their Geneart® service. Standard methods like cloning, restriction, molecular analysis, transformation of E. coli cells and culture of bacteria can be performed as described in Sambrook et al. (1989) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: ISBN 0-87965-309-6). Polymerase chain reaction can be performed using Phusion™ High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB, Frankfurt, Germany) according to the manufactures instructions. Fusion PCR can be done as described by K. Heckman and L. R. Pease, Nature Protocols (2207) 2, 924-932. In both cases a NcoI and/or AscI restriction site at the 5′terminus, and a PacI restriction site at the 3′ terminus can be introduced to enable cloning of these genes between functional elements. Promoter-terminator modules or promoter-intron-terminator modules were created by complete synthesis by GeneArt (Regensburg) or by joining the corresponding expression elements using fusion PCR and cloning the PCR-product into the TOPO-vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen) according to the manufactures instructions. While joining terminator sequences to promoter sequences or promoter-intron sequences either via synthesis of whole cassettes or using fusion PCR, recognition sequences for the restriction endonucleases can be added to either side of the modules, and the recognition sites for the restriction endonucleases NcoI, AscI and PacI can be introduced between promoter and terminator or between introns and terminator. To obtain the final expression modules, PCR-amplified genes can be cloned between promoter and terminator or intron and terminator via NcoI and/or PacI restriction sites. Genes of interest can be codon optimized using standard protocols for maximum expression in the crop plant (for example see Puigbo et al. 2007 and Gasper et al. 2012) as well as removal of undesired restriction sites and synthesized by GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany).

REFERENCES

-   Esser H O, Dupuis G, Ebert E, Marco G J, Vogel C (1975) s-Triazines.     In: Kearney P C, Kaufman D J (eds) Herbicides, chemistry,     degradation and mode of action. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 129-208 -   Seffernick J L, McTavish H, Osborne J P, de Souza M L, Sadowsky M J,     Wackett L P (2002) Atrazine chlorohydrolase from Pseudomonas sp.     strain ADP is a metalloenzyme. Biochemistry 41: 14430-14437 -   Wackett et al.; Biodegradation of atrazine and related s-triazine     compounds: from enzymes to field studies, Applied Microbiology and     Biotechnology; 58 (1), 39-45, 2002 -   de Souza M L, Sadowsky M J, Wackett L P (1996) Atrazine     chlorohydrolase from Pseudomonas sp strain ADP: Gene sequence,     enzyme purification, and protein characterization. Journal of     Bacteriology 178: 4894-4900. -   Sadowski et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,299, Transgenic plants     expressing bacterial atrazine degrading gene AtzA -   Padgette S. R. et al., Site directed mutagenesis of a conserved     region of the 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase     actives-site.; J. Biol. Chem., 266, 33, 1991 -   Maniatis et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring     Habor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Habor; N.Y. (1982) -   Gasper P., Oliveira J-L., Frommlet J., Santos M. A. S.,     Moura G. (2012) EuGene: maximizing synthetic gene design for     heterologous expression. Bioinformatics 28(20), 2683-2684. -   Murashige and Skoog 1962 Physiologia 40 Plantarum 15: 473-497,     Molecular cloning Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001) -   Komori T., lmayama T., Kato N., Ishida Y., Ueiki J.,     Komari T. (2007) Current Status of Binary Vectors and Sub-binary     Vectors. Plant Physiology 145, 1155-1160. -   Puigbo P., Guzman E., Romeu A., Garcia-Valve A. (2007) OPTIMIZER: A     Web Server for Optimizing the Codon Usage of DNA Sequences. Nucleic     Acids Research 35 web server edition. W126-W131. -   Siminszky B., Plant cytochrome P450-mediated herbicide metabolism,     Phytochem Rev. 5:445-458, 2006 

1. A plant or plant part comprising a polynucleotide encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide, the expression of said polynucleotide confers to the plant or plant part tolerance to herbicides.
 2. The plant or plant part of claim 1, wherein the herbicide comprises a compound which inhibits cellulose biosynthesis
 3. The plant or plant part of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the mutated TriA polypeptide comprises the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a homologue, variant or derivative thereof.
 4. The plant or plant part of claim 1, wherein the mutated TriA polypeptide is a functional variant having, over the full-length of the variant, at least about 60%, illustratively, at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or more amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 2. 5. The plant or plant part of claim 1, wherein the mutated TriA refers to a TriA polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, an orthologue, paralogue, or homologue thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence differs from the wildtype amino acid sequence at one or more positions corresponding to positions 92, 93, 155, 157 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 6. A seed capable of germination into a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.
 7. A plant cell of or capable of regenerating a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides, wherein the plant cell comprises the polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter.
 8. A plant cell comprising a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in a cell, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.
 9. A plant product prepared from a plant or plant part comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.
 10. A progeny or descendant plant derived from a plant comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, wherein the progeny or descendant plant comprises in at least some of its cells the polynucleotide operably linked to the promoter, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the progeny or descendant plant tolerance to the herbicides.
 11. A method for controlling weeds at a locus for growth of a plant, the method comprising: (a) applying an herbicide composition comprising herbicides to the locus; and (b) planting a seed at the locus, wherein the seed is capable of producing a plant that comprises in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein herbicide composition is applied to the weeds and to the plant produced by the seed.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the herbicide comprises a compound which inhibits cellulose biosynthesis.
 14. A method of producing a plant having tolerance to herbicide, the method comprising regenerating a plant from a plant cell transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.
 15. A method of producing a progeny plant having tolerance to herbicide, the method comprising: crossing a first herbicide-tolerant plant with a second plant to produce a herbicide-tolerant progeny plant, wherein the first plant and the progeny plant comprise in at least some of their cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides.
 16. A plant or plant part comprising in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides, wherein the plant or plant part further exhibits a second or third herbicide-tolerant trait.
 17. An isolated and/or recombinantly produced and/or synthetic nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant, paralogue, orthologue or homolog thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant, paralogue, orthologue or homolog thereof; (c) a nucleic acid molecule, which, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, can be derived from a TriA polypeptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant, paralogue, orthologue or homolog thereof, and confers increased herbicide tolerance or resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g. non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part thereof; (d) a nucleic acid molecule having 30% or more identity, preferably 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99,5%, or more with the nucleic acid molecule sequence of a polynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid molecule of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant, paralogue, orthologue or homolog thereof, and confers increased herbicide tolerance or resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g. non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part thereof; (e) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a mutated TriA polypeptide having 30% or more identity, preferably at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99,5% or more, with the amino acid sequence of the TriA polypeptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, and confers increased herbicide tolerance or resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g. non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part thereof; nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule of (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) under stringent hybridization conditions and confers increased herbicide tolerance or resistance, as compared to a corresponding, e.g. non-transformed, wild type plant cell, a plant or a part thereof; wherein the amino acid sequence of the mutated TriA polypeptide differs from the wildtype amino acid sequence of a TriA polypeptide at one or more positions corresponding to the following positions of SEQ ID NO:2: 92, 93, 155,
 157. 18. An expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid molecule as defined in claim 17, and a promoter operable in plant cells.
 19. The expression cassette of claim 18, wherein the promoter is a root-specific promoter.
 20. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule as defined in claim
 17. 21. An isolated, recombinant and/or chemically synthesized mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule as claimed in claim 17 or a polypeptide having at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence of the mutated TriA polypeptide differs from the wildtype amino acid sequence of a TriA polypeptide at one or more positions corresponding to the following positions of SEQ ID NO:2: 92, 93, 155,
 157. 22. A method for producing a plant product from the plant of claim 1, the method comprising processing the plant or a plant part thereof to obtain the plant product.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the plant product is fodder, seed meal, oil, or seed-treatment-coated seeds.
 24. A plant product obtained from a plant or plant part thereof, wherein the plant or plant part comprises in at least some of its cells a polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter operable in plant cells, the promoter capable of expressing a mutated TriA polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide, the expression of the mutated TriA polypeptide conferring to the plant tolerance to herbicides, wherein the plant or plant part further exhibits a second or third herbicide-tolerant trait.
 25. The plant product of claim 24, wherein the product is fodder, seed meal, oil, or seed-treatment-coated seed. 